Nokea
During hyperpnea:
- A. only the internal intercostal muscles contract.
- B. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
- C. inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.
- D. both inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During hyperpnea, which is increased rate and depth of breathing, both inspiration and expiration require muscular contractions. Inspiration involves the diaphragm contracting and external intercostal muscles expanding the rib cage, while expiration involves the internal intercostal muscles contracting to decrease the thoracic cavity volume. This increased muscular effort is necessary to meet the increased oxygen demand of the body during hyperpnea. Options A and C are incorrect as they incorrectly describe either inspiration or expiration as passive. Option B is incorrect as it inaccurately states that expiration is passive, which is not the case during hyperpnea.
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Rhea, confused and short breath, is brought to the emergency department by a family member. The medical history reveals chronic bronchitis and hypertension. To learn more about the current respiratory problem, the doctor orders a chest x-ray and arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. When reviewing the ABG report, the nurses see many abbreviations. What does a lowercase in ABG value present?
- A. Acid-base balance
- B. Arterial Blood
- C. Arterial oxygen saturation
- D. Alveoli
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Arterial Blood. The lowercase "a" in ABG values denotes arterial blood, indicating that the values are specific to the blood obtained from an artery. ABG analysis provides information about the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, as well as the pH and bicarbonate levels, which are crucial in assessing respiratory and metabolic functions.
Choice A: Acid-base balance - This is incorrect because the lowercase "a" in ABG does not represent acid-base balance. Acid-base balance is determined by the pH level in the blood, which is one of the parameters measured in ABG analysis.
Choice C: Arterial oxygen saturation - This is incorrect because oxygen saturation is typically measured using pulse oximetry, not through ABG analysis. ABG values focus on the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood.
Choice D: Alveoli - This is incorrect because ABG values do not directly represent the condition of the alveoli. ABG analysis
A person met with an accident and died instantly without any injury to heart, brain, stomach and kidney. One of the following is a reason for his death
- A. Intestine got twisted
- B. RBC became coagulated
- C. Stomach stopped digestion
- D. Diaphragm got punctured
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diaphragm got punctured. The diaphragm is a crucial muscle responsible for breathing. If it gets punctured, it can lead to immediate death due to respiratory failure. In this scenario, since there are no injuries to vital organs like the heart, brain, stomach, or kidney, the only plausible reason for instant death would be a punctured diaphragm affecting the person's ability to breathe.
A: Intestine getting twisted would not lead to instant death without affecting the heart, brain, stomach, or kidney.
B: RBC becoming coagulated would not result in immediate death without directly impacting vital organs.
C: Stomach stopping digestion is not a life-threatening condition that would cause instant death without injury to vital organs.
A nurse assesses a client after an open lung biopsy. Which assessment finding is matched with the correct intervention?
- A. Client reports being dizzy—nurse calls the Rapid Response Team.
- B. Client's heart rate is 55 beats/min—nurse withholds pain medication.
- C. Client has reduced breath sounds—nurse calls primary health care provider immediately.
- D. Client's respiratory rate is 18 breaths/min—nurse decreases oxygen flow rate.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Reduced breath sounds after an open lung biopsy could indicate a potential complication such as pneumothorax, requiring immediate attention. Calling the primary health care provider allows for timely assessment and intervention.
Choice A is incorrect because dizziness alone may not warrant calling the Rapid Response Team without further assessment.
Choice B is incorrect as a heart rate of 55 beats/min may not necessarily indicate a need to withhold pain medication without considering other factors.
Choice D is incorrect as a respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min does not necessarily mean the oxygen flow rate should be decreased without further assessment.
Which of the following serum lab values is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis?
- A. LDL 150 mg/dL
- B. Triglycerides 140 mg/dL
- C. Cholesterol 190 mg/dL
- D. HDL 100mg/dL
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: LDL 150 mg/dL. LDL cholesterol is known as "bad" cholesterol, and high levels are a risk factor for atherosclerosis. LDL can build up in the arteries, leading to plaque formation and narrowing of blood vessels. Elevated LDL levels increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Summary:
B: Triglycerides 140 mg/dL - Elevated triglycerides are a risk factor for heart disease, but not as directly linked to atherosclerosis as LDL.
C: Cholesterol 190 mg/dL - Total cholesterol includes both HDL and LDL, so this value alone does not specify the risk factor for atherosclerosis.
D: HDL 100mg/dL - High levels of HDL are actually considered beneficial as it is known as "good" cholesterol and helps to remove LDL from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.
Total alveolar surface area is reduced in
- A. lung cancer
- B. atelectasis
- C. emphysema
- D. pneumothorax
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: emphysema. Emphysema is a condition characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to a decrease in alveolar surface area for gas exchange. This reduction in surface area impairs the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. In contrast, lung cancer (A) primarily affects lung tissue but may not directly reduce alveolar surface area. Atelectasis (B) refers to the collapse of lung tissue, which can impact ventilation but not necessarily alveolar surface area. Pneumothorax (D) is the presence of air in the pleural space and does not directly affect alveolar surface area.