Nokea
Which condition involves an overactive immune system attacking healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and damage?
- A. Immunodeficiency
- B. Autoimmune disease
- C. Allergy
- D. Cancer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks healthy tissues in the body, leading to inflammation and damage. This is different from immunodeficiency, where the immune system is weakened and unable to effectively protect the body against infections. Allergies involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, while cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Therefore, the correct answer is autoimmune disease (Choice B) as it specifically describes the scenario of an overactive immune system attacking healthy tissues, distinguishing it from the other conditions listed.
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Which of the following is responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Adrenal glands
- C. Thyroid gland
- D. Pituitary gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response. During stressful situations, the adrenal glands release hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline, initiating the fight-or-flight response. These hormones prepare the body to either confront or flee from a perceived threat.\nChoice A - Pancreas: The pancreas is primarily responsible for producing insulin and regulating blood sugar levels, not the fight-or-flight response.\nChoice C - Thyroid gland: The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly involved in the fight-or-flight response.\nChoice D - Pituitary gland: The pituitary gland regulates various endocrine functions by releasing hormones, but it is not the primary gland responsible for the fight-or-flight response.
In the process of osmosis, the solvent moves from an area of...
- A. Low solute concentration to high solute concentration
- B. Hotter solution to colder solution
- C. Colder solution to hotter solution
- D. High solute concentration to low solute concentration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In the process of osmosis, solvent molecules move from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration. This movement occurs to equalize the solute concentrations on both sides of the semi-permeable membrane. As water tends to move towards higher solute concentrations, the solvent moves in this direction to balance the concentrations and establish equilibrium. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because osmosis involves the movement of solvent, not solute, and it moves towards the area of higher solute concentration, not lower. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.
What is the term for the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels?
- A. Heart rate
- B. Blood pressure
- C. Cardiac output
- D. Stroke volume
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Blood pressure is the term for the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and consists of two numbers: systolic pressure (the top number) and diastolic pressure (the bottom number). Heart rate (A) is the number of times the heart beats per minute, cardiac output (C) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and stroke volume (D) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction. Understanding blood pressure is crucial in assessing cardiovascular health and the risk of various conditions like hypertension.
What is the protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord?
- A. Blood
- B. Cerebrospinal fluid
- C. Myelin sheath
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cerebrospinal fluid is the protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a cushion to protect these vital organs from injury and provides nutrients and removes waste products. Blood, myelin sheath, and insulin do not serve as the protective fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, myelin sheath is a protective covering of nerve fibers, and insulin is a hormone involved in regulating blood sugar levels.
What is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after a full forced inhalation?
- A. Inspiratory capacity
- B. Tidal volume
- C. Total lung capacity
- D. Vital capacity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Total lung capacity is the correct term for the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after a full forced inhalation. It represents the sum of all lung volumes, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. Inspiratory capacity refers to the maximum volume of air inspired from the end-expiratory level. Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, not the total volume the lungs can hold.