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Which condition is characterized by a chronic cough that produces mucus, often caused by long-term exposure to irritants?
- A. Chronic bronchitis
- B. Tuberculosis
- C. Asthma
- D. Sinusitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a chronic cough that produces mucus due to long-term exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke or air pollution. This condition leads to inflammation and narrowing of the airways, resulting in excessive mucus production. Tuberculosis (B) is a bacterial infection causing symptoms like coughing up blood, while asthma (C) is characterized by wheezing and shortness of breath. Sinusitis (D) involves inflammation of the sinuses, leading to symptoms like facial pain and congestion.
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The client on warfarin has an INR of 1.2. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Increase the dose of warfarin
- B. Administer vitamin K
- C. Monitor for signs of bleeding
- D. Hold the next dose and notify the healthcare provider
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Increase the dose of warfarin. INR of 1.2 indicates subtherapeutic levels. The nurse's priority is to adjust the dose to achieve a therapeutic range (usually 2-3). Increasing the dose is essential to prevent clot formation. Administering vitamin K (B) is not indicated for a low INR. Monitoring for bleeding (C) is important, but not the priority when the INR is subtherapeutic. Holding the next dose and notifying the healthcare provider (D) may be necessary if the INR is too high, not low.
A 2400 mg sodium diet is prescribed for the patient with chronic heart failure. The nurse recognizes that additional teaching is necessary when the patient states
- A. I should limit my milk intake to 2 cups a day
- B. I can eat fresh fruits and vegetables without worrying about sodium levels
- C. I can eat most foods as long as I do not add salt when cooking or at the table
- D. I need to read the labels on prepared foods and medicines for their sodium content
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: All foods that are high in sodium should be eliminated in a 2400 mg sodium diet, in addition to the elimination of salt during cooking.
Which of the following dietary recommendations should a nurse give a client taking diuretics?
- A. Include potassium-rich foods.
- B. Include protein-rich foods.
- C. Avoid fruit and fruit juices.
- D. Avoid dairy products.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Diuretics can deplete potassium levels, so including potassium-rich foods helps maintain electrolyte balance.
What is this surgical procedure that restores blood flow to the heart by diverting blood around a blocked artery?
- A. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
- B. Angioplasty
- C. Stent placement
- D. Valve replacement
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). This procedure involves diverting blood flow around a blocked artery using a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body. It is the most effective treatment for severe coronary artery disease. Angioplasty (B) involves opening a blocked artery with a balloon, stent placement (C) involves inserting a mesh tube to keep an artery open, and valve replacement (D) is for replacing damaged heart valves, not restoring blood flow to the heart.
Which procedure is used to restore a normal heart rhythm in patients with arrhythmias, typically using electrical shocks?
- A. Cardioversion
- B. Defibrillation
- C. Ablation
- D. Angioplasty
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sure! Cardioversion is the correct answer because it is the procedure used to restore normal heart rhythm in patients with arrhythmias by delivering synchronized electrical shocks. This method is specifically used for irregular heart rhythms that are not immediately life-threatening. Defibrillation, while also using electrical shocks, is used for life-threatening arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation. Ablation involves the destruction of abnormal heart tissue causing arrhythmias, and angioplasty is a procedure to open blocked arteries, not related to restoring heart rhythm.