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Which condition is characterized by a chronic cough that produces mucus, often caused by long-term exposure to irritants?
- A. Chronic bronchitis
- B. Tuberculosis
- C. Asthma
- D. Sinusitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a chronic cough that produces mucus due to long-term exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke or air pollution. This condition leads to inflammation and narrowing of the airways, resulting in excessive mucus production. Tuberculosis (B) is a bacterial infection causing symptoms like coughing up blood, while asthma (C) is characterized by wheezing and shortness of breath. Sinusitis (D) involves inflammation of the sinuses, leading to symptoms like facial pain and congestion.
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What is the procedure where a device is used to shock the heart back into a normal rhythm during a life-threatening arrhythmia?
- A. Defibrillation
- B. Cardioversion
- C. Echocardiogram
- D. Ablation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Defibrillation is the correct answer as it is the procedure where an electrical device delivers a shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm during a life-threatening arrhythmia. This shock helps reset the heart's electrical activity. Cardioversion (B) is similar but used for less severe arrhythmias. Echocardiogram (C) is an imaging test to assess heart function, not a treatment. Ablation (D) is a procedure to destroy abnormal heart tissue causing arrhythmias but not used for immediate life-threatening situations like defibrillation.
Mr. Olds is admitted with constrictive pericarditis. He complains of chest pain and receives morphine as ordered. Pain relief for this patient is also facilitated by
- A. Sitting forward
- B. Lying supine
- C. Taking deep breaths
- D. Coughing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sitting forward reduces pressure on the heart.
What procedure uses a balloon to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the heart?
- A. Angioplasty
- B. Coronary artery bypass graft
- C. Stent placement
- D. Valve replacement
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angioplasty. This procedure uses a balloon to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the heart. First, a catheter with a deflated balloon is inserted into the blocked artery. Then, the balloon is inflated to widen the artery and improve blood flow. This is a minimally invasive procedure commonly used to treat coronary artery disease.
Choice B: Coronary artery bypass graft involves using blood vessels from another part of the body to bypass blocked arteries, not using a balloon.
Choice C: Stent placement involves inserting a mesh tube to keep the artery open, but it does not use a balloon to open the vessel.
Choice D: Valve replacement is a procedure to replace damaged heart valves and does not involve using a balloon to open narrowed arteries.
The nurse is teaching a client about the side effects of beta blockers. What is the most important side effect to monitor?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Hyperkalemia
- D. Tachycardia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypotension. Beta blockers can cause a decrease in blood pressure, leading to hypotension. Monitoring for hypotension is crucial as it can result in dizziness, fainting, or even shock. Bradycardia (choice B) is a common side effect but usually not as critical as hypotension. Hyperkalemia (choice C) is a potential side effect of some beta blockers but is less common and typically not as urgent as hypotension. Tachycardia (choice D) is the opposite of what beta blockers typically cause, making it an unlikely side effect to monitor for in this case.
The client is on a nitrate for angina. What is the most common side effect the nurse should monitor for?
- A. Headache
- B. Flushing
- C. Dizziness
- D. Nausea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Headache. Nitrate medications vasodilate blood vessels, including those in the brain, which can lead to headaches. It is the most common side effect and often subsides with continued use. Flushing is also a common side effect but not as prevalent as headaches. Dizziness and nausea are less common side effects associated with nitrates and are usually seen in a smaller percentage of patients compared to headaches. Monitoring for headaches is crucial to ensure patient comfort and compliance with the medication regimen.