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Which condition is characterized by the narrowing or blockage of arteries that supply blood to the heart by plaque?
- A. Coronary artery disease (CAD)
- B. Atherosclerosis
- C. Peripheral artery disease
- D. Congestive heart failure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is characterized by the narrowing or blockage of arteries supplying blood to the heart by plaque buildup. Plaque consists of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances that can restrict blood flow to the heart, leading to various heart-related issues. Atherosclerosis (B) is the process of plaque buildup in arteries but is not specific to the heart. Peripheral artery disease (C) involves plaque buildup in arteries outside the heart. Congestive heart failure (D) is a condition where the heart cannot pump blood effectively, not directly related to plaque buildup in coronary arteries.
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The nurse is teaching a client about side effects of ACE inhibitors. What is the most important side effect to monitor?
- A. Cough
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Hypotension
- D. Dizziness
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cough. ACE inhibitors can cause a persistent, dry cough due to bradykinin accumulation. It is important to monitor for this as it can indicate potential angioedema, a serious adverse effect. Hyperkalemia (B) is a potential side effect but may not be as immediate or common as cough. Hypotension (C) is a common side effect but not as crucial to monitor as cough. Dizziness (D) is a common side effect but not as significant as cough in terms of potential complications.
A patient who underwent a percutaneous, transluminal coronary angioplasty four weeks ago has a subsequent ejection fraction of 30%. The patient returns for a follow-up visit. Examination reveals lungs that are clear on auscultation and slight pedal edema. The patient's medications are digoxin (Lanoxin), furosemide (Lasix), enalapril maleate (Vasotec), and aspirin. The patient reports a 5 lb (2.27 kg) weight gain over the past two days. The cardiac-vascular nurse's initial action is to:
- A. document the weight and reassess the patient at the next session.
- B. inquire about the patient's medication compliance.
- C. notify the patient's physician.
- D. review the patient's most recent nuclear scan.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Weight gain and pedal edema suggest fluid retention, so assessing medication compliance is essential.
What is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and other parts of the body?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Cardiomyopathy
- C. Myocardial infarction
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): Heart failure is the correct answer because it is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body. This occurs due to the heart's inability to adequately circulate blood, causing congestion and fluid retention. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling. Treatment aims to improve heart function and manage symptoms.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B (Cardiomyopathy): Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure, but it is not the specific condition described in the question.
C (Myocardial infarction): Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, results from a blockage in a coronary artery causing damage to the heart muscle, but it does not directly lead to fluid buildup in the lungs and body.
D (Pulmonary edema): Pulmonary edema is a condition characterized by fluid
The client on amiodarone reports shortness of breath. What is the nurse's best response?
- A. Notify the healthcare provider immediately.
- B. Reassure the client that this is a common side effect.
- C. Instruct the client to monitor their symptoms at home.
- D. Suggest the client reduce physical activity.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Notify the healthcare provider immediately. Shortness of breath in a client on amiodarone can indicate a serious side effect such as pulmonary toxicity or interstitial lung disease. The nurse should prioritize the client's safety by promptly informing the healthcare provider for further evaluation and management. This is crucial to prevent potential harm or worsening of the condition.
Summary:
- Choice B is incorrect because shortness of breath with amiodarone is not a common side effect to be reassured about.
- Choice C is incorrect as monitoring symptoms at home may delay necessary medical intervention.
- Choice D is incorrect as reducing physical activity does not address the potential serious side effect of amiodarone.
What is a condition where the heart beats with an irregular or abnormal rhythm?
- A. Arrhythmia
- B. Hypertension
- C. Tachycardia
- D. Bradycardia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Arrhythmia. Arrhythmia refers to an irregular or abnormal heart rhythm. This is because the heart beats in a disorganized manner, which can lead to various health issues. Hypertension (B) is high blood pressure, not a heart rhythm issue. Tachycardia (C) is a condition where the heart beats too fast, not necessarily irregularly. Bradycardia (D) is when the heart beats too slowly, not necessarily irregularly. Therefore, Arrhythmia is the correct choice in this context.