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Which condition is characterized by the weakening and rupture of the walls of the alveoli in the lungs, reducing the surface area available for gas exchange?
- A. Emphysema
- B. Bronchitis
- C. Atelectasis
- D. Pulmonary fibrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Emphysema is characterized by weakening and rupture of alveoli walls, reducing gas exchange surface area. This leads to shortness of breath and decreased oxygen levels. Bronchitis involves inflammation of bronchial tubes, not alveoli. Atelectasis is the collapse of lung tissue, not alveoli weakening. Pulmonary fibrosis is scarring of lung tissue, not alveoli rupture. Therefore, A is correct due to its direct association with alveoli damage.
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What is the primary effect of a calcium channel blocker on the heart?
- A. Decreases heart rate
- B. Increases heart rate
- C. Increases blood pressure
- D. Decreases blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary effect of a calcium channel blocker on the heart is to decrease blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers block the entry of calcium into the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and the heart. This causes vasodilation and reduces the force of contraction in the heart, leading to a decrease in blood pressure. Choices A and B are incorrect as calcium channel blockers typically do not directly affect heart rate. Choice C is incorrect because calcium channel blockers actually tend to lower blood pressure rather than increase it.
The nurse is teaching a client about the side effects of beta blockers. What is the most important side effect to monitor?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Hyperkalemia
- D. Tachycardia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypotension. Beta blockers can cause a decrease in blood pressure, leading to hypotension. Monitoring for hypotension is crucial as it can result in dizziness, fainting, or even shock. Bradycardia (choice B) is a common side effect but usually not as critical as hypotension. Hyperkalemia (choice C) is a potential side effect of some beta blockers but is less common and typically not as urgent as hypotension. Tachycardia (choice D) is the opposite of what beta blockers typically cause, making it an unlikely side effect to monitor for in this case.
You are the charge nurse for the coronary care step-down unit. Which patient is best to assign to an RN who has floated for the day from the general medical-surgical unit?
- A. Patient requiring discharge teaching about coronary artery stenting prior to going home with spouse today.
- B. Patient receiving IV furosemide (Lasix) to treat acute left ventricular failure.
- C. Patient just transferred from the radiology department after a coronary angioplasty.
- D. Patient just admitted with unstable angina and who has orders for a heparin infusion and aspirin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Discharge teaching is less complex and allows the floating RN to focus on educating without needing extensive cardiac experience.
This is a branch of the left coronary arteries which supplies the LEFT ATRIUM, posterior lateral surface of the left ventricle.
- A. Right coronary artery
- B. Left circumflex artery
- C. Left anterior descending artery
- D. Posterior descending artery
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, the Left circumflex artery. This artery branches off the left coronary artery and supplies the left atrium and the posterior lateral surface of the left ventricle. The Left anterior descending artery (C) supplies the anterior surface of the left ventricle. The Right coronary artery (A) supplies the right atrium and right ventricle. The Posterior descending artery (D) is a branch of the right coronary artery and supplies the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Therefore, B is the correct answer based on the specific areas supplied by each artery.
Which condition involves the body's immune system attacking the lungs and kidneys, causing severe respiratory and renal damage?
- A. Goodpasture syndrome
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Wegener's granulomatosis
- D. Interstitial lung disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for A being correct:
1. Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies against collagen in the lungs and kidneys.
2. Antibodies attack the basement membrane of the lungs and kidneys, leading to severe respiratory and renal damage.
3. Symptoms include coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, and kidney failure.
4. Treatment involves immunosuppressive therapy and plasma exchange to remove harmful antibodies.
Summary:
- B: Sarcoidosis involves granulomas in multiple organs but typically not lung-kidney damage.
- C: Wegener's granulomatosis affects the respiratory tract and kidneys but involves inflammation, not antibodies against collagen.
- D: Interstitial lung disease is a broad term for various lung conditions but doesn't specifically involve the immune system attacking lungs and kidneys.