Nokea
Which defect results in increased pulmonary blood flow?
- A. Pulmonic stenosis
- B. Tricuspid atresia
- C. Atrial septal defect
- D. Transposition of the great arteries
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Atrial septal defect results in increased pulmonary blood flow. Blood flows from the left atrium (higher pressure) into the right atrium (lower pressure) and then to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Pulmonic stenosis is an obstruction to blood flowing from the ventricles. Tricuspid atresia results in decreased pulmonary blood flow. Transposition of the great arteries results in mixed blood flow.
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José is a 4-year-old child scheduled for a cardiac catheterization. What should be included in preoperative teaching?
- A. Directed at his parents because he is too young to understand
- B. Detailed in regard to the actual procedures so he will know what to expect
- C. Done several days before the procedure so that he will be prepared
- D. Adapted to his level of development so that he can understand
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Preoperative teaching should always be directed at the child’s stage of development. The caregivers also benefit from the same explanations. The parents may ask additional questions, which should be answered, but the child needs to receive the information based on developmental level. Preschoolers will not understand in-depth descriptions and should be prepared close to the time of the cardiac catheterization.
A nurse prepares a client for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The client states, I am afraid I might die. How should the nurse respond?
- A. This is a routine surgery and the risk of death is very low.
- B. Would you like to speak with a chaplain before surgery?
- C. Tell me more about your concerns about the surgery.
- D. What support systems do you have to assist you?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Encouraging the client to express their concerns allows the nurse to provide emotional support and address specific fears.
On assessment of a child admitted with a diagnosis of Kawasaki Disease, the nurse expects to note which clinical manifestation of the acute phase of the disease?
- A. Cracked lips
- B. Normal appearance
- C. Conjuntival hyperemia
- D. Desquamation of the skin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Conjunctival hyperemia is a common clinical manifestation during the acute phase of Kawasaki Disease, characterized by redness of the eyes without discharge.
Renal damage is a recognised complication of infection with:
- A. Plasmodium Jalciparum
- B. Schistosoma haematobium
- C. Plasmodium malariae
- D. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagica
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Leptospira icterohaemorrhagica can cause renal damage. Plasmodium species and Schistosoma are less commonly associated with renal complications.
Type I renal tubular acidosis:
- A. Only occurs in children
- B. Is caused by a failure of ammonium ion secretion
- C. Is associated with renal calcification
- D. Typically leads to hypovolaemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Type I renal tubular acidosis is characterized by a failure in ammonium ion secretion, leading to a failure to acidify urine, which can result in metabolic acidosis.