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Which drug class is used to reduce symptoms of muscle weakness from myasthenia gravis?
- A. Anticholinesterase drugs
- B. Adrenergic drugs
- C. Anticholinergic drugs
- D. Beta-blocker drugs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Anticholinesterase drugs, such as pyridostigmine, are the primary treatment for myasthenia gravis. These drugs work by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is essential for muscle contractions. By increasing the levels of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, anticholinesterase drugs help improve muscle strength and function in individuals with myasthenia gravis. Adrenergic drugs, anticholinergic drugs, and beta-blocker drugs are not typically used to treat the symptoms of muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis.
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Deteriorating insulation is found in the ceilings of a local school built in 195Parents and teachers are extremely concerned that it may be asbestos, and they call on you, the local pediatrician, to give advice in an open meeting. What advice would you give?
- A. Immediately remove all of the insulation.
- B. Confirm the presence of asbestos by laboratory evaluation, and do nothing further.
- C. Confirm the presence of asbestos by laboratory evaluation. If asbestos is confirmed, call a certified engineer for expert assessment.
- D. Reassure the parents that the hazards of asbestos have been overstated.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Asbestos should be confirmed by laboratory testing, and if present, a certified engineer should assess the situation to determine the safest course of action.
What is the purpose of pursed lip breathing?
- A. Helps exhale less volume of air during expiration
- B. Increases expiration
- C. Promotes effective use of the diaphragm
- D. Relieves compensatory burden on upper thorax
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pursed lip breathing is a breathing technique commonly used to help improve breathing efficiency in individuals with respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). By pursing the lips during exhalation, it creates back pressure that helps to keep the airways open longer. This results in slower and more controlled expiration, allowing the individual to exhale a smaller volume of air while maintaining adequate oxygen exchange. This can reduce the feeling of dyspnea (difficulty breathing) and help improve oxygen saturation levels in the blood.
A nurse approaches a hospitalized poststroke patient from the patient's left side to do an assessment. The patient is staring straight ahead, and does not respond to the nurse's presence or voice. Which action should the nurse take first?
- A. Walk to the other side of the bed and try again
- B. Speak more loudly and clearly
- C. Wave his or her fingers in front of the patient's face
- D. Use a picture to explain to the patient what the nurse is going to do.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nurse should walk to the other side of the bed and approach the patient from the right side. Poststroke patients may have neglect syndrome, which can cause them to ignore stimuli on one side of their body. By approaching from the neglected side (the right side in this case), the nurse may be able to better capture the patient's attention and engage them in the assessment process. It is essential to adapt care to accommodate the patient's condition and ensure effective communication and interaction.
Major treatment modalities for breast cancer are:
- A. Surgery, remove the primary tumor
- B. Radiotherapy, destroy microscopic diseases
- C. Chemotherapy, systematically destroys cancer cells
- D. All of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The major treatment modalities for breast cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Each of these modalities plays a crucial role in the treatment plan for breast cancer patients:
A patient teaching plan should include which of the ff. lifestyle modifications to help control hypertension?
- A. Regular aerobic exercise
- B. Three alcoholic beverages per day
- C. Low-tar cigarettes
- D. Daily multivitamin supplements
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Regular aerobic exercise is an essential lifestyle modification to help control hypertension. Exercise can help lower blood pressure, improve cardiovascular health, and reduce the risk of developing hypertension. Physical activity strengthens the heart, making it more efficient in pumping blood, which can lead to lower blood pressure levels. Additionally, exercise helps in weight management, which is crucial in controlling hypertension as obesity is a significant risk factor for high blood pressure. Overall, incorporating regular aerobic exercise into a patient's routine can significantly contribute to better blood pressure control and overall health.