Nokea
Which enzyme is activated by oxidative stress in endothelial cells and plays a key role in the development of complications?
- A. GAPDH
- B. Glyoxalase-1
- C. PARP
- D. Transketolase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: PARP wakes to oxidative hits repairs DNA, drives damage in diabetes vessels, not GAPDH's stall, glyoxalase's detox, or transketolase's shunt. Nurses clock this, a chronic complication cog.
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The nurse is caring for a client with mitral regurgitation. Which of the following would the nurse anticipate the client to develop if left untreated?
- A. Left-sided heart failure
- B. Right-sided heart failure
- C. Renal failure
- D. Myocardial ischemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mitral regurgitation backflows blood into the left atrium, hiking pressure and volume untreated, it overburdens the left ventricle, leading to left-sided heart failure. Pulmonary congestion follows, with dyspnea and edema, a direct consequence of this valve flaw. Right-sided failure stems from downstream effects or separate causes, not primary here. Renal failure or ischemia might complicate advanced disease, but left-sided failure's progression is the immediate risk, rooted in mitral dysfunction's mechanics. Nurses anticipate this, monitoring for early signs like crackles, ensuring timely intervention to halt this predictable cardiac cascade.
The Barker hypothesis describes the relationship between birth weight and the development of diseases. Question: Which relationship is correct?
- A. High birth weight is associated with a reduced risk of obesity, diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease at a later age
- B. High birth weight is associated with an increased risk of obesity, diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease at a later age
- C. Low birth weight is associated with a reduced risk of obesity, diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease at a later age
- D. Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of obesity, diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease at a later age
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Barker's call low birth weight scars metabolism, upping later obesity, diabetes, heart woes. High weight leans risky too, but low's the proven chronic link nurses track this fetal echo.
An oncology patient will begin a course of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for the treatment of bone metastases. What is one means by which malignant disease processes transfer cells from one place to another?
- A. Adhering to primary tumor cells
- B. Inducing mutation of cells of another organ
- C. Phag projecting healthy cells
- D. Invading healthy host tissues
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Bone mets mean cancer's invaded malignant cells burrow into nearby tissues, breaking barriers to spread, a hallmark of metastasis. They don't just stick to the primary (adhesion's weak), mutate distant cells (that's not how it rolls), or eat healthy ones (phagocytosis is immune, not cancer). Invasion's the ticket cells chew through matrix, hit lymph or blood, and land in bones. Nurses in oncology spotlight this, tying it to why radiation's aimed at those hotspots, slowing the creep.
Which of the following cancer patients could potentially be placed together as roommates?
- A. A patient with a neutrophil count of 1000/mm³
- B. A patient who underwent debulking of a tumor to relieve pressure
- C. A patient receiving high-dose chemotherapy after a bone marrow harvest
- D. A patient who is post-op laminectomy for spinal cord compression
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Roommate pairing hinges on infection risk and care needs. The debulking patient tumor reduced for symptom relief and post-laminectomy patient spinal decompression both underwent palliative surgeries, not inherently immunocompromised, making them compatible. A neutrophil count of 1000/mm³ signals moderate neutropenia, needing isolation to dodge infections. High-dose chemotherapy post-bone marrow harvest obliterates immunity, demanding strict protection. The surgical pair's stability, lacking acute immune suppression, allows safe cohabitation, a nurse's practical call to optimize space and reduce cross-infection risks in cancer care settings.
A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with atherosclerosis. Which of the following is considered a risk factor for the development of this disorder?
- A. Diet high in vitamin K
- B. Low HDL-C/High LDL-C
- C. High HDL-C/Low LDL-C
- D. Vegan diet
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atherosclerosis loves lipids low HDL (good cholesterol) and high LDL (bad cholesterol) pile plaque, a prime risk factor driving vessel narrowing. Vitamin K aids clotting, not plaque. High HDL/low LDL protects. Vegan diets cut fats, lowering risk. Nurses flag lipid imbalance, pushing statins or diet shifts, a cholesterol-fueled root of this vascular scourge.