Nokea
Which finding in the urine analysis of a pregnant woman is considered a variation of normal?
- A. Proteinuria
- B. Glycosuria
- C. Bacteria in the urine
- D. Ketones in the urine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glycosuria. In pregnant women, glycosuria is considered a variation of normal due to the hormonal changes affecting glucose metabolism. During pregnancy, the renal threshold for glucose is lowered, leading to glucose spillage in urine without significant pathology. Proteinuria (A) can indicate kidney damage. Bacteria in the urine (C) suggest a possible urinary tract infection. Ketones in the urine (D) may indicate a metabolic disorder or inadequate carbohydrate intake. Glycosuria in pregnancy is a physiological adaptation and not necessarily a cause for concern.
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A client at 26 weeks gestation is in the office after being discharged from the hospital for preterm contractions. She states that she no longer is having contractions but is really having trouble with heartburn and reflux. Which is the nurse's best response?
- A. Mix 1 teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of water and drink before eating your meal.
- B. Use a laxative when your reflux is bad and this will help to empty your stomach.
- C. Always drink plenty of fluids with your meals to help dilute the food.
- D. Avoid foods that contain a lot of fat.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Avoid foods that contain a lot of fat. This is the best response because fatty foods can worsen heartburn and reflux by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to acid reflux. By avoiding high-fat foods, the client can reduce the likelihood of experiencing heartburn and reflux symptoms.
Rationale:
1. High-fat foods can delay stomach emptying, causing food to stay longer in the stomach, increasing the risk of reflux.
2. Fatty foods can trigger the production of more stomach acid, exacerbating heartburn and reflux.
3. Avoiding high-fat foods can help decrease pressure on the stomach, reducing the likelihood of acid reflux.
4. Other options (A, B, C) do not address the root cause of heartburn and reflux associated with high-fat foods.
In summary, choosing option D to avoid high-fat foods is the most appropriate response to help alleviate the client's heartburn and reflux symptoms during pregnancy.
The mucous plug that forms in the endocervical canal is called the:
- A. operculum.
- B. leukorrhea.
- C. funic souffle.
- D. ballottement.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The operculum protects against bacterial invasion. Leukorrhea is the mucus that forms the endocervical plug (the operculum).
A 31-year-old woman believes that she may be pregnant. She took an OTC pregnancy test 1 week ago after missing her period; the
test was positive. During her assessment interview, the nurse enquires about the woman’s last menstrual period and asks whether
she is taking any medications. The woman states that she takes medicine for epilepsy. She has been under considerable stress lately
at work and has not been sleeping well. She also has a history of irregular periods. Her physical examination does not indicate that
she is pregnant. She has an ultrasound scan that reveals she is not pregnant. What is the most likely cause of the false-positive
pregnancy test result?
- A. She took the pregnancy test too early.
- B. She takes anticonvulsants.
- C. She has a fibroid tumor.
- D. She has been under considerable stress and has a hormone imbalance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: She takes anticonvulsants. Anticonvulsants can interfere with pregnancy test results by causing false-positive results. Here's a step-by-step rationale:
1. Anticonvulsants, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital, contain hCG-like substances that can cross-react with pregnancy tests, leading to false-positive results.
2. The woman's history of epilepsy medication use suggests that she may be taking anticonvulsants, which could be the reason for the false-positive pregnancy test result.
3. Other choices are incorrect:
A: Taking the test too early is unlikely since a week has passed since the missed period.
C: Fibroid tumors do not typically cause false-positive pregnancy test results.
D: Stress and hormone imbalance could impact menstrual cycles but are less likely to directly affect pregnancy test results.
Some pregnant patients may complain of changes in their voice and impaired hearing. The nurse can tell these patients that these are common reactions to:
- A. a decreased estrogen level.
- B. displacement of the diaphragm, resulting in thoracic breathing.
- C. congestion and swelling, which occur because the upper respiratory tract has become more vascular.
- D. increased blood volum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because during pregnancy, hormonal changes can lead to congestion and swelling in the upper respiratory tract due to increased vascularity. This can result in changes in voice and impaired hearing. Estrogen levels (choice A) typically increase during pregnancy and do not directly cause these symptoms. Displacement of the diaphragm (choice B) may occur but is more related to breathing changes rather than voice and hearing issues. Increased blood volume (choice D) is a common physiological change in pregnancy but is not directly associated with voice and hearing changes.
Which individuals played a role in decreasing infections for patients, increasing mortality to what it is today?
- A. Crede
- B. Saint Vincent de Paul
- C. Knightgale
- D. Pasteur
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Joseph Lister and Louis Pasteur were instrumental in developing antiseptic techniques and germ theory, respectively, which significantly reduced infection rates and improved patient survival.