Nokea
Which form of human plague is present with high fever and large lymphadenopathies (buboes). The case fatality in untreated cases may reach 60%.
- A. Bubonic plague
- B. Pneumonic plague
- C. Gastrointestinal plague
- D. Septicemic plague
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bubonic plague. Bubonic plague is characterized by high fever and large swollen lymph nodes (buboes). The case fatality rate in untreated cases can reach 60%. This form of plague is typically transmitted through the bite of an infected flea.
B: Pneumonic plague presents with respiratory symptoms and is transmitted through respiratory droplets.
C: Gastrointestinal plague is not a recognized form of plague.
D: Septicemic plague is a severe form of plague where the bacteria multiply in the bloodstream. It may not always present with buboes.
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A patient suffering form tuberculosis was treated with rifampicin, which caused drug resistance of tuberculosis mycobacteria. In order to reduce mycobacteria resistance, rifampicin should be combined with the following drug:
- A. Isoniazid
- B. Acyclovir
- C. Intraconazole
- D. Metronidazole
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Isoniazid. When rifampicin is used alone, there is a risk of developing resistance. Isoniazid is commonly used in combination with rifampicin to prevent resistance by targeting different mechanisms in the bacteria. Isoniazid works by inhibiting mycolic acid synthesis, while rifampicin targets RNA polymerase. This combination therapy is known as the first-line treatment for tuberculosis. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not have the same mechanism of action as isoniazid and would not be effective in preventing rifampicin resistance.
Which bacteria produce exotoxins that affect the nervous system?
- A. Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani
- B. Escherichia coli and Salmonella
- C. Bacillus anthracis and Listeria monocytogenes
- D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani. Both bacteria produce exotoxins that affect the nervous system. Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum toxin, causing botulism, leading to muscle paralysis. Clostridium tetani produces tetanospasmin, causing tetanus, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms.
Choice B (Escherichia coli and Salmonella) are known for causing gastrointestinal infections, not specifically affecting the nervous system. Choice C (Bacillus anthracis and Listeria monocytogenes) produce toxins that primarily affect other body systems, not the nervous system. Choice D (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) are associated with skin and respiratory infections, not neurological effects.
Microscopic examination of dental plaque revealed unicellular organisms with two layers in their cytoplasm and wide pseudopodia. What is the likely causative agent?
- A. Entamoeba gingivalis
- B. Entamoeba histolytica
- C. Trichomonas tenax
- D. Lamblia intestinalis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Unicellular organisms with two layers in cytoplasm = Entamoeba gingivalis.
2. Wide pseudopodia = characteristic of Entamoeba genus.
3. Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery, not dental plaque.
4. Trichomonas tenax causes periodontal disease, not dental plaque.
5. Lamblia intestinalis causes giardiasis, not related to dental plaque.
The presence of microbes in or on the body is a(n):
- A. infection
- B. contamination
- C. adhesion
- D. disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: adhesion. Adhesion refers to the attachment of microbes to surfaces in or on the body without causing harm. Infections (choice A) occur when microbes invade and multiply in the body, leading to harmful effects. Contamination (choice B) refers to the presence of unwanted or potentially harmful substances, not necessarily microbes. Disease (choice D) is a state of poor health caused by a specific agent, such as microbes, resulting in identifiable symptoms. In this context, adhesion best describes the presence of microbes without causing harm or leading to an infection.
The class of immunoglobulins most abundant in body is:
- A. IgG
- B. IgE
- C. IgD
- D. IgM
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgG. IgG is the most abundant class of immunoglobulins in the body, constituting about 75% of total immunoglobulins. IgG plays a crucial role in long-term immunity, neutralizing toxins, and enhancing phagocytosis. IgE is involved in allergic reactions, IgD is mainly found on B cells and functions as a receptor, and IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection but is less abundant compared to IgG. Therefore, IgG is the correct choice based on its abundance and diverse functions in the immune system.