Nokea
Which high level labs should the nurse explain can prevent cardiovascular disease?
- A. Cholesterol
- B. Triglycerides
- C. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
- D. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: HDLs contain very low concentrations of triglycerides, relatively little cholesterol, and high levels of proteins. It is thought that HDLs protect against cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDLs are not protective against cardiovascular disease.
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Which is best described as the inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the systemic circulation at normal filling pressures?
- A. Pulmonary congestion
- B. Congenital heart defect
- C. Heart failure
- D. Systemic venous congestion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The definition of heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the systemic circulation at normal filling pressures to meet the body’s metabolic demands. Pulmonary congestion is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Congenital heart defect is a malformation of the heart present at birth. Systemic venous congestion is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the systemic vasculature.
These causes often cause secretory diarrhoea except:
- A. Lactose intolerance
- B. E. coli infection
- C. Congenital chloridorrhoea
- D. Blind loop syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because lactose intolerance causes osmotic diarrhoea, not secretory diarrhoea. The other options (b-e) are causes of secretory diarrhoea.
Which is the incorrect statement regarding effect of dobutamine infusion in patients with heart failure
- A. Left ventricular end diastolic pressure decreases
- B. Mean arterial pressure decreases slightly due to interplay of actions on alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors
- C. Left ventricular end systolic volume decreases
- D. There is increased myocardial oxygen demand
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Mean arterial pressure typically increases, not decreases, with dobutamine infusion due to its inotropic effects.
A heart transplant may be indicated for a child with severe heart failure and:
- A. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- B. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- C. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- D. Pulmonic stenosis (PS)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is treated by procedures such as the Norwood procedure or heart transplant.
Possible causes of isosexual precocious puberty in a 6-year-old girl are:
- A. McCune-Albright syndrome
- B. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
- C. Ovarian tumour
- D. Hypothalamic hamartomas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypothalamic hamartomas can cause precocious puberty by secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) prematurely.