Nokea
Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract?
- A. Secretin.
- B. Cholecystokinin (CCK).
- C. Gastrin.
- D. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the hormone responsible for stimulating the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine. Secretin primarily acts on the pancreas to stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid. Gastrin functions in the stimulation of gastric acid secretion, while Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) plays a role in inhibiting gastric acid secretion and stimulating insulin release.
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The end products of digestion of macronutrients include fatty acids, amino acids, and:
- A. monosaccharides.
- B. polysaccharides.
- C. enzymes.
- D. cholesterol.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: monosaccharides. When macronutrients like carbohydrates are digested, they are broken down into simpler forms. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids. Therefore, the end products of carbohydrate digestion are monosaccharides. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because polysaccharides are larger carbohydrate molecules, enzymes are not the end products of digestion but rather aid in the process, and cholesterol is not a direct end product of macronutrient digestion.
What is the function of chylomicrons?
- A. Produced in the hepatic system.
- B. Composed of triglycerides and cholesterol only.
- C. Absorbed in the large intestine.
- D. Cleared from the blood by lipoprotein lipase.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Chylomicrons are particles that transport dietary fats from the small intestine to cells in the body. They are cleared from the bloodstream by lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in chylomicrons into fatty acids and glycerol. This process allows fats to be absorbed by the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because chylomicrons are not formed in the hepatic system, they are composed of various lipids including triglycerides and cholesterol, and they are absorbed in the small intestine, not the large intestine.
The type of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) that develops when the diet lacks protein is called:
- A. kwashiorkor.
- B. marasmus.
- C. anemia.
- D. beriberi.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is a form of protein-energy malnutrition that arises due to a protein-deficient diet. This condition leads to symptoms such as edema, skin lesions, and fatty liver. Choice B, marasmus, is a form of PEM caused by overall malnutrition (protein and calorie deficiency), resulting in severe wasting and muscle loss. Choice C, anemia, is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, not specifically related to protein deficiency. Choice D, beriberi, is a disease caused by thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, not a form of PEM related to protein deficiency.
Which pathogenic bacterium is associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer?
- A. Lactobacillus.
- B. Bifidobacterium.
- C. H. pylori.
- D. E. coli.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is H. pylori. This bacterium is known to be associated with the development of peptic ulcers and an increased risk of gastric cancer. Lactobacillus (Choice A) and Bifidobacterium (Choice B) are probiotic bacteria that are beneficial to human health and not associated with causing these conditions. E. coli (Choice D) is a diverse group of bacteria, some of which can be pathogenic, but they are not primarily linked to peptic ulcers and gastric cancer like H. pylori.
What is the factor most likely to stimulate digestive secretions?
- A. Smelling or seeing food
- B. Grocery shopping
- C. Fasting
- D. Exercise
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Smelling or seeing food. When an individual smells or sees food, it can trigger the body to start producing digestive secretions in anticipation of food consumption. This physiological response helps prepare the digestive system for the incoming meal. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because grocery shopping, fasting, and exercise do not directly stimulate digestive secretions in the same way that the sight or smell of food does.