Nokea
Which hormones are produces by pancreas?
- A. Calcitirne
- B. Corticotropin
- C. Insuline
- D. Dopamine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin and glucagon are produced by the pancreas, regulating blood glucose levels; the others are not pancreatic hormones.
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Effects of glucagon are:
- A. Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects
- B. Negative inotropic and chronotropic effects
- C. Inhibition of Gs protein and decrease of CAMP
- D. Activation of Gq and accumulation of Inositol triphosphate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Glucagon has positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, increasing contractility and rate.
A client who has been newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus has been stabilized with daily insulin injections. Which information should the nurse teach when carrying out plans for discharge?
- A. Keep insulin vials refrigerated at all times.
- B. Rotate the insulin injections systematically.
- C. Increase the amount of insulin before unusual exercise.
- D. Monitor the urine acetone level to determine the insulin dosage.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Insulin dosages should not be adjusted or increased before unusual exercise. If acetone is found in the urine, it may possibly indicate the need for additional insulin. To minimize the discomfort associated with insulin injections, the insulin should be administered at room temperature. Injection sites should be systematically rotated from one area to another. The client should be instructed to give injections in one area, about 1 inch apart, until the whole area has been used and then to change to another site. This prevents dramatic changes in daily insulin absorption.
Phil is starting treatment with febuxostat (Uloric). Education of patients starting febuxostat includes:
- A. Gout may worsen with therapy
- B. Febuxostat may cause severe diarrhea
- C. He should consume a high-calcium diet
- D. He will need frequent CBC monitoring
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Febuxostat can initially worsen gout as uric acid mobilizes; diarrhea or calcium aren't emphasized.
When a pharmacoeconomic analysis looks at two or more treatment alternatives that are considered equal in efficacy and compares the costs of each it is referred to as:
- A. Cost-minimization analysis
- B. Cost-of-illness analysis
- C. Cost-effectiveness analysis
- D. Cost-benefit analysis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cost-minimization analysis compares costs of equally effective treatments.
The nurse is counseling a patient who wants to stop smoking. Which statement by the nurse is correct?
- A. Bupropion (Zyban) is effective and does not have serious adverse effects
- B. Nicotine replacement therapies are effective and eliminate the need for behavioral therapy
- C. Varenicline (Chantix) may be used short-term for 1 to 2 months
- D. You may experience headaches and increased appetite for several months after stopping smoking
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Headaches and appetite increase are common nicotine withdrawal symptoms; bupropion has side effects, and varenicline is longer-term. Headaches and increased appetite are common during nicotine withdrawal and may last for several months.