Nokea
Which of the following structures is responsible for the mechanical and chemical digestion of food, as well as the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream?
- A. Liver
- B. Stomach
- C. Pancreas
- D. Large intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The stomach is the organ responsible for the mechanical and chemical digestion of food. When food enters the stomach, it is mixed with stomach acid and enzymes to break down the food into smaller particles. This process helps prepare the food for further digestion and absorption of nutrients. The stomach also plays a key role in the absorption of some nutrients, such as certain vitamins and minerals. Additionally, the stomach's muscular contractions help mix the food with digestive enzymes and propel the partially digested food into the small intestine for further processing and absorption. The liver, pancreas, and large intestine have vital functions in the digestive system, but the stomach is the primary organ responsible for the initial digestion and absorption of nutrients.
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A patient with terminal cancer is experiencing severe pain despite receiving analgesics. Which intervention by the palliative nurse is most appropriate?
- A. Increase the dose of analgesics.
- B. Administer a different type of analgesic.
- C. Recommend non-pharmacological pain management techniques.
- D. Consult with a pain management specialist.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In a situation where a patient with terminal cancer is experiencing severe pain despite receiving analgesics, consulting with a pain management specialist is the most appropriate intervention. Pain management specialists have expertise in managing complex pain situations, especially in cases of terminal illness where pain control is crucial for improving quality of life. The specialist can review the current pain management plan, suggest alternative or adjunct therapies, adjust medication dosages, or explore different types of analgesics to optimize pain relief for the patient. Collaborating with a pain management specialist can help ensure the patient receives the most effective and personalized pain management approach tailored to their specific needs. Increasing the dose of analgesics, administering a different type of analgesic, or recommending non-pharmacological techniques may be appropriate interventions but should be guided by a specialist to ensure safe and effective pain management in a palliative care setting.
A patient with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus is prescribed insulin glargine (Lantus) once daily. Which statement indicates understanding of insulin glargine administration?
- A. "I will inject insulin glargine 30 minutes before meals."
- B. "I will shake the insulin vial vigorously before drawing the dose."
- C. "I will rotate injection sites within the same body region."
- D. "I will administer insulin glargine with a rapid-acting insulin."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin glargine (Lantus) is a long-acting insulin that is typically administered once daily at the same time each day to help maintain a steady level of insulin in the body. It is important to rotate injection sites within the same body region (such as the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm) to prevent lipodystrophy (lumpiness or dents in the skin) and to ensure consistent absorption of the insulin. Proper rotation of injection sites helps to prevent tissue damage and ensures optimal insulin absorption, improving the effectiveness of insulin therapy. It is not necessary to inject insulin glargine before meals, vigorously shake the vial, or administer it with a rapid-acting insulin.
The nurse closely monitors the work she delegated to the barangay health worker. She is legally guided by this principle
- A. Respondent superior
- B. The good Samaritan
- C. Res ipsa loquitor
- D. Jurisprudence
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Respondent superior is a legal doctrine that holds an employer (such as a nurse) responsible for the actions of their employees (such as a barangay health worker) performed within the scope of their employment. In the scenario provided, the nurse delegated tasks to the barangay health worker, making the health worker an agent of the nurse. By closely monitoring the delegated work, the nurse is fulfilling her legal responsibility under the principle of respondent superior to ensure that the health worker performs their duties properly and in accordance with professional standards.
The presence of any of these risk factors means that ______.
- A. Risk modification will have no effect on disease prevention
- B. The chances of getting the disease are increased
- C. A person with risk factors can get the disease
- D. The disease is guaranteed not to get disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The presence of risk factors indicates an increased likelihood or susceptibility to developing a particular disease. While risk modification and healthy lifestyle choices can help reduce the risk, having these risk factors still increases the overall chances of getting the disease compared to individuals without the same risk factors. It is essential for individuals with risk factors to be proactive in managing their health to mitigate the increased risk.
When can AIDS be manifested? The nurse answer was, "It can be as early as _______."
- A. 1 year or as late as 2 years
- B. 2 years or as late as 10 years
- C. 1 year
- D. 6 months
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: After being infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), it can take an average of 8-10 years before the development of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated. However, AIDS can manifest sooner in some cases, typically within 2 years, especially if the person's immune system is already significantly compromised or if they have other underlying health conditions. Thus, the manifestation of AIDS can vary, but it generally occurs within a range of 2 to 10 years after initial HIV infection.