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Which is a major focus of community health nursing?
- A. Providing care to individuals and families
- B. Improving access to health care
- C. Implementing health policies
- D. Promoting community partnerships
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because community health nursing primarily focuses on providing care to individuals and families within a community to improve their health outcomes. This involves assessing their needs, developing care plans, and implementing interventions to promote wellness and prevent disease. Improving access to healthcare (B) and implementing health policies (C) are important aspects of public health, but not the main focus of community health nursing. Promoting community partnerships (D) is also essential, but it is more about collaboration and resource mobilization rather than the primary focus of providing direct care.
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You are preparing a patient for surgery and completing the preoperative checklist. Which of the following is not typically part of the preoperative checklist?
- A. Assessing for allergies
- B. Conducting the Time Out
- C. Ensuring that informed consent is signed
- D. Ensuring that the history and physical examination have been completed
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Conducting the Time Out is typically part of the surgical safety checklist during the actual surgery, not the preoperative checklist.
2. Assessing for allergies is important to prevent adverse reactions during surgery.
3. Ensuring informed consent is signed is crucial for legal and ethical reasons.
4. Ensuring history and physical examination are completed helps in assessing the patient's health status before surgery.
Therefore, choice B is not typically part of the preoperative checklist, making it the correct answer.
When assessing a community to determine its health needs, which data would be most useful?
- A. Demographic data
- B. Health behavior data
- C. Environmental data
- D. Morbidity and mortality data
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Morbidity and mortality data. This data provides direct information on the health status of the community by indicating the prevalence of diseases and deaths. It helps identify major health issues, prioritize interventions, and allocate resources effectively. Demographic data (A) provides information on population characteristics but does not directly reflect health needs. Health behavior data (B) offers insights into lifestyle choices but may not capture underlying health conditions. Environmental data (C) focuses on external factors impacting health, which are important but not as direct in indicating community health needs as morbidity and mortality data.
Which sign or reflex is used to diagnose meningitis?
- A. Homan's sign
- B. Brudzinski
- C. Startle
- D. Anterior drawer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Brudzinski sign. This sign is used to diagnose meningitis because it involves the involuntary flexion of the hips and knees when the neck is flexed. This reflex is indicative of meningeal irritation and is a classic sign of meningitis.
A: Homan's sign is used to assess for deep vein thrombosis, not meningitis.
C: Startle reflex is a normal response to a sudden unexpected stimulus, not specific to meningitis.
D: Anterior drawer test is used to assess for ligamentous instability in the knee, not related to meningitis.
Which best describes the social determinants of health?
- A. Factors such as genetics and individual behavior
- B. Conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age
- C. Availability of health services and technology
- D. Access to health care services
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because social determinants of health refer to the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, which significantly impact their health outcomes. These factors include socioeconomic status, education, neighborhood environment, employment, and social support. Genetics and individual behavior (choice A) are important but only part of the broader determinants. Availability of health services and technology (choice C) and access to health care services (choice D) are important but do not encompass the full range of social determinants that influence health.
What is the goal of Healthy People 2020?
- A. To improve the quality and years of healthy life
- B. To reduce health disparities among different populations
- C. To promote healthy behaviors across the lifespan
- D. To achieve health equity and eliminate health disparities
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: To achieve health equity and eliminate health disparities. This is the goal of Healthy People 2020 as it aims to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to achieve their highest level of health. Health equity involves providing opportunities for all individuals to reach their full health potential, regardless of their social or economic status. By eliminating health disparities, the goal is to address the root causes of health inequities and promote fairness in health outcomes.
Choice A is incorrect as it focuses solely on improving the quality and years of healthy life without addressing disparities. Choice B is incorrect as it specifically mentions reducing health disparities but does not mention achieving health equity. Choice C is incorrect as it emphasizes promoting healthy behaviors but does not encompass the broader goal of health equity and eliminating disparities.