Nokea
Which is not a good prognostic factor in ALL?
- A. Mature B cell immunophenotype
- B. Female gender
- C. Hyperploidy
- D. Age 4-10 years
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mature B cell immunophenotype. In ALL, a mature B cell immunophenotype is associated with a poorer prognosis because it indicates that the leukemia cells have progressed to a more advanced stage of differentiation, making them more aggressive and resistant to treatment. On the other hand, choices B, C, and D are good prognostic factors in ALL. Female gender is associated with a better response to treatment, hyperploidy is a favorable genetic feature, and age 4-10 years is a common age group with a higher likelihood of responding well to treatment.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which is the priority concern in developing a teaching plan for the parents of a 15-month-old child?
- A. Toilet training guidelines
- B. Guidelines for weaning children from bottles
- C. Instructions on preschool readiness
- D. Instructions on a home safety assessment
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, instructions on a home safety assessment. This is the priority concern because at 15 months, children are curious and mobile, making them prone to accidents. Conducting a home safety assessment helps identify potential hazards and allows parents to make necessary changes to create a safe environment for the child. Toilet training (A) and weaning from bottles (B) are important developmental milestones but are not as critical as ensuring the child's safety. Preschool readiness (C) is also important but can be addressed later, whereas immediate attention to home safety is crucial to prevent accidents.
Which of the following best describes the movement of a T cell through a lymph node?
- A. Enters via efferent lymphatics and exits via bloodstream
- B. Enters via afferent lymphatics and exits via bloodstream
- C. Enters via bloodstream and exits via afferent lymphatics
- D. Enters via bloodstream and exits via efferent lymphatics
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because T cells enter the lymph node via the bloodstream through high endothelial venules and exit via efferent lymphatics. This process allows them to circulate between lymph nodes and peripheral tissues to survey for pathogens. Option A is incorrect because efferent lymphatics carry lymph away from the lymph node. Option B is incorrect as T cells enter via the bloodstream, not afferent lymphatics. Option C is incorrect as T cells exit via efferent lymphatics, not afferent lymphatics.
Which category of hypersensitivity BEST describes hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Rh incompatibility?
- A. atopic or anaphylactic
- B. cytotoxic
- C. immune complex
- D. delayed
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: delayed hypersensitivity. Hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Rh incompatibility is a type II hypersensitivity reaction. Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, leading to the mother producing antibodies against the Rh antigen. This immune response is delayed and involves sensitized T cells. This results in the destruction of Rh-positive red blood cells in the newborn.
Choice A (atopic or anaphylactic) refers to type I hypersensitivity, which involves immediate IgE-mediated reactions like allergies. Choice B (cytotoxic) is a close contender, as it also involves antibodies targeting specific antigens on cell surfaces, but it typically involves antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity rather than delayed responses. Choice C (immune complex) relates to type III hypersensitivity, where immune complexes deposit in tissues and activate complement, causing inflammation. However, this mechanism is not the primary process in hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by
Which medication should be taken in the morning to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis?
- A. Cyclophosphamide
- B. Methotrexate
- C. Leflunomide
- D. Adalimumab
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide can cause hemorrhagic cystitis as a side effect, which is less likely to occur if taken in the morning due to the diurnal variation in bladder toxicity. Methotrexate, Leflunomide, and Adalimumab are not associated with hemorrhagic cystitis and do not require specific timing for administration to prevent this side effect.
The term 'leukopenia' is the medical term for which of the following?
- A. Easy bleeding and bruising
- B. Too few platelets
- C. Too few red blood cells
- D. Too few white blood cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Too few white blood cells. Leukopenia refers to a decrease in white blood cells. White blood cells are crucial for the immune system to fight infections. Easy bleeding and bruising (A) are associated with low platelets, not white blood cells. Too few red blood cells (C) is known as anemia. While white blood cells are important for immunity, platelets help with blood clotting, and red blood cells carry oxygen.