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Which is the causative agent of scarlet fever?
- A. Enteroviruses
- B. Corynebacterium organisms
- C. Scarlet fever virus
- D. Group A b-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Scarlet fever is caused by Group Aß-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS), particularly Streptococcus pyogenes. This bacteria produces erythrogenic exotoxins that cause the characteristic rash seen in scarlet fever. These toxins also contribute to the other symptoms associated with scarlet fever, such as high fever, sore throat, and a red, bumpy tongue (strawberry tongue). Therefore, the correct causative agent of scarlet fever is Group Aß-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS).
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The nurse knows which of the following statements about TPN and peripheral parenteral nutrition is true?
- A. TPN is usually indicated for clients needing short term (less than 3 weeks) nutritional support, whereas PPN is for long term maintenance
- B. A client needing more than 3000 calories would receive PPN, whereas TPN is given to those requiring less than 3000 calories
- C. TPN is often given to those with fluid restrictions, whereas PPN is used for those without constraints on their fluid intake
- D. TPN is given to those who need to augment oral feeding, whereas PPN is used for those who are nothing by mouth
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The statement that is true about TPN and peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) is that TPN is often given to those with fluid restrictions, whereas PPN is used for those without constraints on their fluid intake. This is because TPN is a hypertonic solution that can cause fluid overload if given in large volumes, so it's typically reserved for patients who have fluid restrictions. On the other hand, PPN is a less concentrated solution that can be safely administered to patients without fluid restrictions.
Which of the ff. would the nurse explain to the patient is indicated by a Snellen chart finding 20/80?
- A. The eye can see at 80 feet what the normal eye can see at 20 feet.
- B. The eye can see at 20 feet what the normal eye can see at 80 feet.
- C. The eye can see four times what the normal eye can see.
- D. The eye sees normally.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Snellen chart is a chart used to measure visual acuity. The numbers in a Snellen fraction indicate the distance from which a person with normal eyesight can see the letters on the chart. In the case of 20/80, this means that the person can see at 80 feet what a person with normal eyesight can see at 20 feet. So, option A is correct as it accurately explains what is indicated by a Snellen chart finding of 20/80.
You are meeting with parents of a 12-year-old girl who recently diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The statement that should be included in your discussion is
- A. PTC has a grim overall prognosis
- B. FTC do not require radioactive iodine therapy
- C. supraphysiologic levothyroxine therapy is required during long-term follow-up
- D. calcitonin/carcinogenic antigen monitoring is required during the course of treatment
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Levothyroxine suppression therapy is standard in differentiated thyroid cancer.
The nurse is assigned to a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). When handling the client's blood and body fluids, the nurse uses standard precautions, which include:
- A. Wearing gloves to empty a bedpan
- B. Wearing gown, gloves, and protective eyewear when obtaining a urine specimen via catheterization
- C. Disposing of needles uncapped
- D. Wearing gloves when applying eyedrops
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Standard precautions are infection control practices designed to prevent transmission of diseases like AIDS. When handling a client's blood and body fluids, it is important to use standard precautions. Wearing gloves to empty a bedpan is an appropriate practice to prevent direct contact with blood and body fluids. This helps protect the nurse from exposure to infectious agents. Other options like wearing a gown, gloves, and protective eyewear for obtaining a urine specimen via catheterization or disposing of needles uncapped do not align with standard precautions for handling blood and body fluids in a client with AIDS. Similarly, wearing gloves when applying eyedrops is not necessary for preventing transmission of bloodborne pathogens in this context.
diagnosis of congenital heart disease usually through
- A. cardiac catheterization.
- B. chest x-ray and ECG.
- C. echocardiogram.
- D. all of the above.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The diagnosis of congenital heart disease is most commonly done through an echocardiogram, which is a non-invasive test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart's structure and function. This imaging technique allows healthcare providers to visualize any abnormalities in the heart's structure and how it is functioning. While cardiac catheterization and chest x-ray with ECG can also provide valuable information, an echocardiogram is the primary diagnostic tool for identifying congenital heart defects due to its accuracy, safety, and non-invasiveness.