Nokea
Which is the most common causative agent of bacterial endocarditis?
- A. Staphylococcus albus
- B. Streptococcus hemolyticus
- C. Staphylococcus albicans
- D. Streptococcus viridans
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Streptococcus viridans is the most common causative agent of bacterial endocarditis. This group of bacteria consists of various species, including S. sanguinis and S. mutans, which normally reside in the oral cavity and are commonly associated with endocarditis following dental procedures. Streptococcus viridans can enter the bloodstream due to dental work, oral infections, or trauma to the oral tissues, and cause infective endocarditis by adhering to damaged heart valves or endocardium. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species are other common pathogens associated with endocarditis, but Streptococcus viridans remains the most prevalent causative agent.
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A highly careful mother of a 10-month-old baby boy complains of inadequate weight gain due to refusal of spoon feeding. The LEAST helpful advice is to
- A. respect infant independence
- B. offer softer diet
- C. use 2 spoons (1 for the child and 1 for the parent)
- D. use finger foods
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Offering softer food may not address the underlying issue of refusal.
Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is characterized by all the following EXCEPT
- A. thrombocytopenia
- B. microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
- C. coagulopathy
- D. association with infantile hemangiomas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is not typically associated with hemangiomas.
Aling Iska, a 78-year old client consults with a hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of 11mg/dl and 32 % respectively. These finding indicates:
- A. nothing because these are normal findings
- B. the nurse should conduct a thorough nutritional assessment
- C. understanding that the client should be advised to have the test repeated in three months
- D. understanding that anemia is a part of the degeneration of the bone marrow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Aling Iska's hemoglobin level of 11mg/dl and hematocrit level of 32% are both below the normal range for her age group. These low levels indicate anemia, which is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. Anemia can be caused by various factors, such as nutritional deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folate), chronic diseases, or bone marrow problems. In this case, given Aling Iska's advanced age of 78 years, it is essential for the nurse to conduct a thorough nutritional assessment to determine if her anemia is related to any deficiencies that can be addressed through dietary changes or supplementation. It is important to identify the underlying cause of anemia to provide appropriate interventions and prevent further complications.
A preterm newborn, after spending 8 weeks in the NICU, is being discharged. The parents of the newborn express apprehension and worry that the newborn may still be in danger. How should the nurse interpret these statements?
- A. Normal
- B. A reason to postpone discharge
- C. Suggestive of maladaptation
- D. Suggestive of inadequate bonding
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: It is normal for parents of preterm newborns who have spent time in the NICU to express apprehension and worry upon discharge. The NICU experience can be stressful and overwhelming for families, and it is common for parents to feel anxious about taking their newborn home. The nurse should provide support and education to help alleviate the parents' concerns and ensure a smooth transition from the hospital to home. It is important to acknowledge the parents' feelings, offer reassurance, and reinforce the importance of follow-up care and monitoring.
Which statement by the mother of an 18-month-old would lead the nurse to believe that the child should be referred for further evaluation for developmental delay?
- A. My child is able to stand but is not yet taking steps independently.
- B. My child has a vocabulary of approximately 15 words.
- C. My child is still sucking his thumb.
- D. My child seems to be quite wary of strangers.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: By 15 to 18 months, most toddlers should be walking independently. An 18-month-old who is not yet walking warrants further evaluation.