Nokea
Which is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children?
- A. Pyelonephritis
- B. Tubular destruction
- C. Urinary tract obstruction
- D. Inadequate perfusion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Inadequate perfusion, usually due to conditions such as shock or severe dehydration, is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children. Reduced blood flow to the kidneys impairs their ability to function properly and filter waste products from the blood. This can lead to a rapid decline in kidney function and the development of acute renal failure. Other potential causes such as pyelonephritis, tubular destruction, and urinary tract obstruction can also result in acute renal failure, but inadequate perfusion is the most common trigger, especially in pediatric patients.
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Where is the appropriate placement of a tongue blade for assessment of the mouth and throat?
- A. Center back area of tongue
- B. Side of the tongue
- C. Against the soft palate
- D. On the lower jaw
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The appropriate placement of a tongue blade for assessment of the mouth and throat is at the center back area of the tongue. This location allows the healthcare provider to depress the tongue gently to have a clear view of the oral cavity, tonsils, and throat structures. Placing the tongue blade on the side of the tongue may not provide adequate visualization, and placing it against the soft palate or on the lower jaw would not help in examining the mouth and throat effectively.
Mr Santos is scheduled for CT SCAN for the next day, noon time. Which of the following is the correct preparation as instructed by the nurse?
- A. Shampoo hair thoroughly to remove oil and dirt
- B. No special preparation is needed. Instruct the patient to keep his head still and stead
- C. Give a cleansing enema and give fluids until 8 AM
- D. Shave scalp and securely attach electrodes to it
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct preparation for a CT scan, in this case, does not involve any special instructions such as shampooing hair, giving an enema, or shaving the scalp. The patient is simply instructed to keep their head still and steady during the scan. CT scans do not require any specific preparation unless explicitly stated by the healthcare provider conducting the test. It is important to follow the nurse's or healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure the best results from the CT scan.
Which of the following is the humoral immune response?
- A. B cells phagocytise the foreign antigen
- B. T cells are stimulated by B cells and turn into plasma cells, which produce antibodies or memory cells.
- C. B cells are stimulated by T helper cells or macrophages and turn into plasma cells, which produce antibodies or memory cells.
- D. T cells produce antibodies.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The humoral immune response involves the activation of B cells, which are stimulated by T helper cells or macrophages. When B cells are activated, they differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies specific to the foreign antigen. These antibodies can neutralize pathogens, tag them for destruction by other immune cells, or activate the complement system. In addition to producing antibodies, memory B cells are also generated during this process, providing long-lasting immunity upon re-exposure to the same antigen. This coordinated response is an essential part of the adaptive immune system's defense mechanism against foreign invaders.
Which screening test is a neonatal nurse likely to use to detect developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)?
- A. Barlow's maneuver
- B. Pavlik's maneuver
- C. Gower's maneuver
- D. Allis's maneuver
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neonatal nurses are likely to use Pavlik's maneuver to detect developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in newborns. Pavlik's maneuver is a technique used to diagnose, treat, and manage DDH in infants. It involves positioning the infant's hips in a flexed and abducted position to help stabilize the hip joint and promote proper development. This technique is gentle and non-invasive, making it suitable for screening infants for hip dysplasia. Other maneuvers listed, such as Barlow's, Gower's, and Allis's maneuvers, are different techniques used to assess hip stability or alignment and are not specific to DDH screening in newborns.
Reggie is a teenager suffering from osteomyelitis; the nurse would expect which of the following symptoms? Select all that apply.
- A. Fever
- B. Irritability
- C. Pallor
- D. Tenderness
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.