Nokea
Which is the most common organism infecting coral cuts?
- A. non-cholera vibrio
- B. mycobacterium marinum
- C. aeromonas species
- D. strep pyogenes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Coral cuts strep pyogenes streaks in, not vibrio, mycobacterium, aeromonas, or E. coli's swim. Nurses hit this chronic skin ripper.
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Which is the most common organism/s causing osteomyelitis in all age groups?
- A. streptococci
- B. staph aureus
- C. gm negatives
- D. hemophilus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Staph aureus reigns in osteomyelitis bone's bane across kids to geezers, sticking to marrow like glue. Streptococci hit less, gram-negatives tag trauma, hemophilus fades post-vaccine, fungi creep rare. Nurses bank on this staph stat, a chronic skeleton scourge needing targeted juice.
In the UK, appropriate statements concerning the trauma network include:
- A. Major trauma centres, but not minor trauma units, need facilities to deal with polytrauma patients.
- B. Hospitals dealing with trauma are expected to contribute data to the Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) database.
- C. Within their network, trauma units have transfer arrangements for moving seriously injured patients to major trauma centres.
- D. Trauma networks have an ambulance protocol for bypassing the nearest unit for injuries that may be best treated at a distant specialist centre.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The UK trauma network, established pre-2014, enhances care coordination. Major trauma centres (MTCs) handle polytrauma; trauma units manage less severe cases, though both need capabilities severity dictates MTC referral. TARN collects data from all trauma-receiving hospitals, tracking outcomes (e.g., mortality) to improve standards, a core network feature. Transfer protocols ensure escalation from trauma units to MTCs for complex injuries. Ambulance bypass protocols prioritize specialist MTCs (e.g., neurosurgery) over proximity, per triage tools. Rehabilitation is included in network responsibilities. TARN's mandatory data submission drives quality, transparency, and research, distinguishing the system's evidence-based evolution.
The role of the nurse and other health professions in chronic disease is to:
- A. Support the person in managing their condition
- B. Provide direction to the person about their treatment
- C. Ensure the person takes their medications and avoids risk factors
- D. Decide on the best approach to manage the condition and direct the implementation of this care
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic disease management hinges on patient empowerment, not authoritarian control. Supporting individuals in managing their condition aligns with modern nursing philosophy, fostering self-efficacy through education, emotional support, and resource provision key in texts like Deravin and Anderson (2019). Providing direction implies guidance, but it's less collaborative than support, often overstepping patient autonomy. Ensuring medication adherence and risk avoidance is paternalistic, assuming enforcement over partnership, which conflicts with patient-centered care principles. Deciding and directing care outright disregards patient input, undermining shared decision-making critical for long-term adherence in chronic illness. Support encompasses holistic care physical, psychological, and social enabling patients to navigate their condition, adapt lifestyles, and cope with challenges, reflecting the multidisciplinary team's role in enhancing quality of life rather than dictating it.
A 63 years old woman who is known to have hypertension for 15 years presented to her family doctor with shortness of breath and ankle swelling. An echocardiogram confirmed compromised left ventricular function. Her blood pressure is 150/90 mmHg. She is currently on frusemide and Aspirin. What is the MOST appropriate medication to add?
- A. Aldosterone antagonists
- B. Calcium channel blockers
- C. Beta blockers
- D. Angiotensin converting enzyme - inhibitors
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Heart failure with LV dysfunction ACE inhibitors cut mortality, ease load, atop frusemide's fluid flush and aspirin's clot block. Aldosterone blockers add later; calcium blockers don't help heart; beta blockers need stability first; ARBs sub if ACE flops. Nurses push this chronic heart saver, proven to stretch life.
In the clinical assessment of heart failure, which of the following is FALSE?
- A. Jugular venous distention, an S1 heart sound, and non-displaced apical impulse significantly increase the likelihood of the diagnosis
- B. Hypertension, CAD, and valvular disease are the most common causes
- C. Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and edema are common symptoms
- D. Cardiomegaly on CXR is helpful in supporting the diagnosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Jugular venous distention and edema suggest heart failure, but S1 (normal first sound) and non-displaced apical impulse don't increase diagnostic likelihood S3 or displaced impulse do, per clinical criteria. Common causes (HTN, CAD, valvular disease), symptoms, and cardiomegaly on CXR are true. ECG is vital. This corrects diagnostic focus in chronic HF assessment.