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Which of the following actions should be taken first when encountering a person experiencing an allergic reaction with signs of respiratory distress?
- A. Administer an epinephrine auto-injector.
- B. Position the person comfortably.
- C. Monitor vital signs.
- D. Assess the severity of the reaction.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Assess the severity of the reaction. This should be the first action taken because it helps determine the urgency of the situation and guides subsequent steps. Assessing the severity allows for appropriate intervention - from calling emergency services if the reaction is severe, to administering medication if necessary.
A: Administering an epinephrine auto-injector should only be done if the severity of the reaction warrants it, as it is a potent medication that can have serious side effects if used inappropriately.
B: Positioning the person comfortably is important, but assessing the severity of the reaction takes precedence to ensure prompt and appropriate care.
C: Monitoring vital signs is important, but assessing the severity of the reaction is crucial in determining the immediate course of action.
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Which of the following clinical manifestations is most indicative of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
- A. Hypocapnia with respiratory alkalosis
- B. Bradypnea with metabolic acidosis
- C. Tachypnea with hypoxemia refractory to supplemental oxygen
- D. Hypercapnia with hyperkalemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
- ARDS is characterized by severe hypoxemia and respiratory distress.
- Tachypnea is a hallmark sign of ARDS due to the body's compensatory mechanism to increase oxygenation.
- Hypoxemia refractory to supplemental oxygen signifies the inability to improve oxygen levels despite intervention.
- Choices A, B, and D do not align with typical manifestations of ARDS, as they do not directly reflect severe hypoxemia or respiratory distress.
What a patient has bleeding after surgery the PACU nurse, expects which color if coming from the arterial source?
- A. Darkly-colored, blood flows fast.
- B. Bright red and spurts with the heartbeat.
- C. slow, dark-colored, generally ooze.
- D. Pinkish colored- slowly flowing.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bright red and spurts with the heartbeat. This type of bleeding indicates arterial bleeding, which is oxygen-rich blood coming directly from the arteries. Arterial bleeding is bright red in color due to the high oxygen content and spurts with the heartbeat as it is under higher pressure. This rapid spurting is characteristic of arterial bleeding and requires immediate attention to control the bleeding source.
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they describe characteristics of venous bleeding, not arterial bleeding. Venous bleeding is dark in color, flows slowly, and generally oozes as it is oxygen-depleted blood returning to the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is B based on the specific characteristics of arterial bleeding.
To families and individual in the community, which is the MOST important goal of health education?
- A. To study their life history
- B. To identify their weeknesses
- C. To totally change their lifestyle
- D. To motivate them to develop skills and literacy in healtth
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because health education aims to empower individuals and families to develop skills and literacy in health. This enables them to make informed decisions and take control of their health. By improving their health literacy, they can better understand health information and navigate the healthcare system effectively. This goal aligns with promoting health behavior change and long-term wellness.
A: Studying life history is not a primary goal of health education and does not directly contribute to improving health outcomes.
B: Identifying weaknesses may be a part of health assessment, but the main goal is to empower individuals with skills and knowledge to improve their health.
C: While lifestyle changes may be necessary for better health, the goal of health education is to provide individuals with the tools to make these changes, not to impose drastic transformations.
A patient undergoing mechanical ventilation in the ICU develops acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). What intervention should the healthcare team prioritize to manage the patient's exacerbation?
- A. Initiate non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV).
- B. Administer bronchodilator medications for bronchodilation.
- C. Perform endotracheal intubation for invasive mechanical ventilation.
- D. Recommend chest physiotherapy to promote airway clearance.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Initiate non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). This intervention is prioritized as it helps improve oxygenation and ventilation in COPD exacerbation without the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, reducing the risk of ventilator-associated complications. NIPPV also decreases the work of breathing and can prevent the need for intubation. Administering bronchodilator medications (B) is important in COPD exacerbation but may not address the immediate need for ventilatory support. Endotracheal intubation (C) should be reserved for cases of respiratory failure not responding to NIPPV. Chest physiotherapy (D) may be beneficial in some cases but is not the first-line intervention for managing acute COPD exacerbation.
A patient presents with redness, pain, and photophobia in the left eye. Slit-lamp examination reveals ciliary injection, corneal edema, and a mid-dilated pupil with fixed reaction to light. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Anterior uveitis
- B. Acute angle-closure glaucoma
- C. Endophthalmitis
- D. Corneal abrasion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anterior uveitis. This condition presents with redness, pain, and photophobia due to inflammation of the uveal tract. Ciliary injection, corneal edema, and mid-dilated pupil with fixed reaction to light are classic signs of anterior uveitis. The other choices can be ruled out based on specific findings: B: Acute angle-closure glaucoma would present with a high intraocular pressure, not fixed dilated pupil. C: Endophthalmitis typically presents with severe pain, hypopyon, and vitreous inflammation. D: Corneal abrasion would not cause ciliary injection or fixed dilated pupil.