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Which issue is the basic problem that prompts most of the early signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD)?
- A. Changes in mood
- B. Misplacing things
- C. Memory loss that disrupts daily life
- D. Problems with words in speaking
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Memory loss that disrupts daily life is the basic problem that prompts most of the early signs of AD.
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As the result of a stroke, a patient has difficulty discerning the position of his body without looking at it. In the nurse's documentation, which term would best describe the patient's inability to assess spatial position of his body?
- A. Agnosia
- B. Loss of proprioception
- C. Apraxia
- D. Sensation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Patients may experience a loss of proprioception with a stroke. This may include apraxia and agnosia (a total or partial loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects or people).
Which factor is the nurse aware of when assessing a person with a craniocerebral injury?
- A. Most injuries of this type are irreversible.
- B. Open injuries are always more serious than closed injuries.
- C. Signs and symptoms may not occur until several days after the trauma.
- D. Trauma to the frontal lobe is more significant than to any other area.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: If a patient who has been conscious for several days after head injury loses consciousness or develops neurologic signs and symptoms, a subdural hematoma should be suspected.
The nurse assures an anxious family member of a 92-year-old patient who is demonstrating signs of dementia that many causes of dementia are reversible and preventable. Which disorder is one example?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Alzheimer's disease
- C. Diabetes
- D. Parkinson disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Some forms of dementia are reversible. Dementia caused by hypotension, anemia, drug toxicity, metabolic disturbance, and malnutrition can all be corrected to abolish the dementia.
Which sign is the cardinal sign of increased intracranial pressure in a patient who has sustained a brain injury?
- A. Pupil changes
- B. Ipsilateral paralysis
- C. Vomiting
- D. Decrease in the level of consciousness
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Collection of objective data includes a change in level of consciousness. A change in the level of consciousness is the earliest sign of increased intracranial pressure.
The nurse explains that the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system work to maintain homeostasis. Which action is the first autonomic event following a stressful or frightening event?
- A. Parasympathetic nervous system dominates
- B. Blood pressure, heart rate, and adrenaline output decrease
- C. Sympathetic nervous system dominates
- D. Heart rate and blood pressure rise, secretion of adrenaline
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In the event of a frightening event, the sympathetic nervous system dominates and increases the blood pressure, heart rate, and adrenaline output in the 'fight or flight' mechanism. The body is calmed by the parasympathetic nervous system dominating and reducing the heart rate, blood pressure, and adrenaline output.