Nokea
Which juice secreted by the organs in the alimentary canal plays an important role in the digestion of fats?
- A. Pancreatic juice
- B. Saliva
- C. Bile juice
- D. Hydrochloric acid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bile juice, secreted by the liver, plays an important role in the digestion of fats by emulsifying them. It does not contain enzymes but helps break down fat molecules into smaller droplets for further digestion.
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The liver contains macrophages that have a special name. What is this name?
- A. Lymphocytes
- B. Coffee cells
- C. Kupffer cells
- D. Liver macrophage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages in the liver that remove debris and pathogens from the blood. Lymphocytes are white blood cells, and 'coffee cells' is not a term; 'liver macrophage' is less specific than Kupffer cells.
When administered intravenously, this hormone has the capability to initiate a phase of robust sequential contractions in the proximal duodenum, which gradually moves towards the cecum:
- A. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- B. Gastrin
- C. Motilin
- D. Secretin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Motilin triggers the migrating motor complex, initiating strong contractions from the duodenum to the cecum during fasting.
Which of the following combinations will lead to the highest level of acid secretion through potentiation? (Potentiation refers to a post-receptor interaction where the response obtained is greater than the sum of each individual agent acting alone.)
- A. Vagal input, histamine, gastrin
- B. Vagal input, histamine, secretin
- C. Histamine, gastrin, secretin
- D. Gastrin, vagal input, secretin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vagal input, histamine, and gastrin all stimulate parietal cells synergistically (potentiation), maximizing acid secretion, while secretin inhibits it.
The break down products of fat molecules can pass directly through the cell membrane. Why?
- A. Fats are soluble in the membrane because the membrane is made of phospholipids
- B. Fats pass through via a protein pump
- C. Fats pass through via a protein channel
- D. Fats are transported through with a special device called a transporter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Fat breakdown products (fatty acids and glycerol) are lipid-soluble and can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes.
The disease caused due to deficiency of nicotinic acid is
- A. Anaemia
- B. Osteomalacia
- C. Xerophthalmia
- D. Pellagra
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pellagra is caused by a deficiency of niacin (nicotinic acid), leading to symptoms like dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.