Nokea
Which kingdom primarily consists of multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose?
- A. Animalia
- B. Fungi
- C. Plantae
- D. Protista
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A) Animalia consists of multicellular organisms that lack cell walls and are heterotrophic. Therefore, it does not primarily consist of photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose. B) Fungi are multicellular organisms with cell walls made of chitin and are heterotrophic, so they do not fit the description. C) Plantae primarily consists of multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose. This accurately describes plants. D) Protista is a diverse kingdom that includes unicellular and multicellular organisms with varying characteristics, but it does not primarily consist of multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.
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A person who carries a pathogen but does not exhibit any symptoms is considered:
- A. Asymptomatic carrier
- B. Opportunistic pathogen
- C. Nosocomial infection
- D. Vector-borne disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An asymptomatic carrier is a person who carries a pathogen, such as a virus or bacterium, without showing any symptoms of the infection. Despite lacking symptoms, asymptomatic carriers can still transmit the pathogen to others, potentially causing illness in those they contact. This term specifically pertains to infected individuals who do not manifest symptoms, distinguishing them from symptomatic carriers who do exhibit signs of the infection. Option A is the most fitting choice as it accurately characterizes a person carrying a pathogen without displaying symptoms.
B) Opportunistic pathogen: This term describes pathogens that typically do not cause disease in healthy individuals but can be pathogenic in those with weakened immune systems.
C) Nosocomial infection: This term refers to infections acquired in a hospital or healthcare facility.
D) Vector-borne disease: This term relates to diseases transmitted to humans by vectors like mosquitoes or ticks.
Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, helps regulate the body's response to stress, including increasing blood pressure and suppressing the immune system?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Epinephrine
- C. Cortisol
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cortisol is the correct answer. It is the hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate the body's response to stress. Cortisol plays a crucial role in increasing blood pressure and suppressing the immune system during stressful situations. Aldosterone, another hormone from the adrenal glands, primarily regulates salt and water balance in the body, not the stress response. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress, but its effects are more immediate and short-lived compared to cortisol. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar levels and is not directly involved in the body's response to stress.
What does the concept of punctuated equilibrium suggest?
- A. Evolution occurs gradually through the continuous accumulation of small changes over long periods.
- B. Evolution is characterized by long periods of relative stasis punctuated by rapid bursts of evolutionary change.
- C. The fossil record is a complete and accurate representation of all past life forms.
- D. Natural selection primarily favors extreme phenotypes within a population.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Punctuated equilibrium suggests that evolution is characterized by long periods of relative stasis punctuated by rapid bursts of evolutionary change. This concept, proposed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge, implies that species remain relatively unchanged for extended periods, followed by sudden bursts of rapid evolution. Option A describes the gradualism model, which is different from punctuated equilibrium. Option C is inaccurate as the fossil record is incomplete and biased. Option D is unrelated to the concept of punctuated equilibrium.
How are the bones of the skull classified?
- A. Long bones
- B. Short bones
- C. Flat bones
- D. Irregular bones
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The bones of the skull are classified as flat bones. Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved bones that provide protection to underlying organs and have a large surface area for muscle attachment. The skull bones fit this description as they protect the brain and have a broad surface for muscle attachment. Choice A (Long bones), B (Short bones), and D (Irregular bones) are incorrect classifications. Long bones are typically found in the extremities like the arms and legs, short bones are cube-shaped like the wrist and ankle bones, and irregular bones have complex shapes like the vertebrae. These classifications do not describe the bones of the skull, which are predominantly flat bones.
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst, and is considered a key player in the endocrine system?
- A. Amygdala
- B. Hippocampus
- C. Hypothalamus
- D. Thalamus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst, making it a vital component in maintaining homeostasis. It also plays a crucial role in the endocrine system by controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. The amygdala primarily processes emotions, the hippocampus is associated with memory formation, and the thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information. Therefore, the hypothalamus is the correct answer as it directly regulates the physiological processes mentioned in the question.