Nokea
Which macromolecules are composed of nucleotides and store information and energy?
- A. Lipids
- B. Proteins
- C. Carbohydrates
- D. Nucleic acids
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nucleic acids. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are composed of nucleotides and are responsible for storing genetic information and energy (e.g., ATP). Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates are distinct macromolecules with varying functions and structures. Lipids primarily serve as energy reservoirs, structural components, and cell signaling molecules. Proteins play crucial roles in cellular functions like enzyme activity, structural support, and intracellular signaling. Carbohydrates are mainly utilized as an energy source and for structural purposes within cells.
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Which term refers to a position toward the head? Example: The hand is part of the superior extremity.
- A. Superior
- B. Inferior
- C. Medial
- D. Lateral
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Superior.' 'Superior' refers to a position toward the head, while 'inferior' is the term for a position toward the feet. In the given example, the hand belongs to the superior extremity, which includes structures closer to the head. 'Inferior' is incorrect as it refers to a position away from the head or toward the feet. 'Medial' describes a position closer to the midline of the body, while 'lateral' refers to a position farther away from the midline.
Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the cell?
- A. Nucleus
- B. Mitochondria
- C. Golgi apparatus
- D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mitochondria. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. The other organelles listed, such as the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and ribosome, have different functions within the cell and are not directly involved in energy production. The nucleus is responsible for storing genetic material and controlling cell activities. The Golgi apparatus is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
A patient's body is not properly filtering blood. Which of the following body parts is most likely malfunctioning?
- A. Medulla
- B. Heart
- C. Nephrons
- D. Renal cortex
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and removing waste products to form urine. If a patient's body is not properly filtering blood, it is most likely due to dysfunction or impairment in the nephrons of the kidneys. The heart is responsible for pumping blood, not filtering it, making choice B incorrect. The medulla and renal cortex are specific parts of the kidney but do not directly perform the filtration function carried out by the nephrons, making choices A and D incorrect.
What are the two primary functions of the respiratory system?
- A. Delivering nutrients and removing CO2
- B. Delivering O2 and removing CO2, maintaining blood pH
- C. Maintaining blood pH and delivering nutrients
- D. Delivering O2 and nutrients to the cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The respiratory system's primary functions include delivering oxygen (O2) to the body's cells for cellular respiration and removing carbon dioxide (CO2), thereby aiding in the maintenance of blood pH. These functions are crucial for gas exchange and the overall metabolic processes within the body. Choice A is incorrect as the respiratory system primarily delivers O2, not nutrients, and removes CO2, not delivering it. Choice C is incorrect as while the respiratory system helps maintain blood pH by removing CO2, it does not primarily deliver nutrients. Choice D is incorrect as it combines the functions of delivering O2 and nutrients, which are distinct roles of different systems in the body.
How is blood pressure controlled by the body?
- A. By adjusting heart rate only
- B. By regulating blood volume
- C. By baroreceptors and hormones
- D. By adjusting body temperature
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Blood pressure is controlled by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that detect changes in blood pressure levels. When blood pressure is high, these receptors signal for adjustments to lower it. Additionally, hormones such as renin from the kidneys are released when blood pressure drops, further aiding in blood pressure regulation. Choice A is incorrect because blood pressure regulation involves more than just adjusting heart rate; it also includes vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Choice B is incorrect as while blood volume can impact blood pressure, it is not the primary mechanism of blood pressure control. Choice D is incorrect as body temperature regulation is a separate physiological process and not directly related to blood pressure control.