Nokea
Which part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?
- A. Cerebrum
- B. Cerebellum
- C. Medulla oblongata
- D. Thalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is responsible for balance, coordination, and fine motor control. It integrates sensory information from the vestibular system in the inner ear and proprioceptive information from muscles and joints to coordinate voluntary movements. The cerebrum is primarily involved in higher brain functions like thinking and decision-making. The medulla oblongata controls vital autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate. The thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory information before sending it to the cerebral cortex for further processing.
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Which hormone is produced by the thyroid gland?
- A. Insulin
- B. Thyroxine
- C. Adrenaline
- D. Cortisol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thyroxine. The thyroid gland produces thyroxine, a hormone essential for regulating metabolism. Insulin is produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels. Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for the 'fight or flight' response. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stress, not by the thyroid gland.
How many lobes does the right lung have?
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 3. The right lung consists of three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower lobes. This distinction is vital as the left lung only has two lobes, the upper and lower lobes. Understanding the anatomical variances between the lobes of the right and left lungs is crucial for comprehending respiratory physiology and its clinical implications in medical practice. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the right lung does not have 1, 2, or 4 lobes. It is essential to differentiate between the lobes of the right and left lungs to have a comprehensive understanding of pulmonary anatomy.
Which type of capillary is the most common and least permeable?
- A. Fenestrated capillaries
- B. Sinusoidal capillaries
- C. Continuous capillaries
- D. Discontinuous capillaries
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, continuous capillaries. Continuous capillaries are the most common and least permeable type of capillary. They are found in most tissues, including muscle and the nervous system. Continuous capillaries have a continuous endothelium without fenestrations or large gaps, which limits the movement of substances across their walls.
Choice A, fenestrated capillaries, have pores (fenestrations) in their endothelial cells, making them more permeable than continuous capillaries.
Choice B, sinusoidal capillaries, have a discontinuous endothelium with large gaps between cells, making them more permeable and allowing larger molecules and cells to pass through compared to continuous capillaries.
Choice D, discontinuous capillaries, are similar to sinusoidal capillaries with a discontinuous endothelium, allowing for enhanced permeability compared to continuous capillaries.
Which statement about white blood cells is true?
- A. B cells are responsible for antibody production.
- B. White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow before entering the bloodstream.
- C. Platelets, a specialized class of blood cells, function to clot blood and stop bleeding.
- D. The majority of white blood cells are active throughout life, providing immunity across all age groups.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: B cells, a type of white blood cell, are responsible for producing antibodies in response to pathogens. Antibodies play a crucial role in identifying and neutralizing foreign substances like bacteria and viruses in the body, aiding in the immune response and protecting against infections. This function is essential for maintaining a healthy immune system. White blood cells, including B cells, are produced in the bone marrow before entering the bloodstream. Platelets, not white blood cells, are a specialized class of blood cells that function to clot blood and stop bleeding. While white blood cells provide immunity, not all of them are active throughout life as some have specific lifespans and functions.
Where does mRNA translation typically occur?
- A. On the ribosome
- B. In the nucleus
- C. In the cytoplasm
- D. On the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: mRNA translation typically occurs on the ribosome. Ribosomes are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. They read the mRNA sequence and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain during translation. The correct answer is A. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. The nucleus is where mRNA is transcribed from DNA, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein processing and transport but not in mRNA translation.