Nokea
Which manifestation suggests that an infant is developing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)?
- A. Faster absorption of orogastric feedings.
- B. Bloody diarrhea.
- C. Increased bowel sounds.
- D. Hunger before feeding.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bloody diarrhea is a key sign of NEC, indicating intestinal injury.
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There are several risk factors with developing cancer. The following are risk factors of cancer, except:
- A. age
- B. ordinal petition In the family
- C. race
- D. lifestyle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Age, race, and lifestyle are all commonly recognized risk factors associated with the development of cancer. However, ordinal petition in the family is not a known or established risk factor for cancer. Family history of cancer (inheritance), on the other hand, is a significant risk factor for many types of cancer.
The parent of a 3-year-old with suspected Wilms tumor says, 'How could I have missed a lump this big?' Which is the best response?
- A. Don't be hard on yourself; it's easy to miss something growing slowly.
- B. I understand you're upset; earlier detection might have improved prognosis.
- C. It takes a trained professional to notice such a lump.
- D. This tumor grows rapidly and may not have been noticeable just a few days ago.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Wilms tumor can grow very quickly, so a lump that was not evident previously may become noticeable in a short period.
A client is admitted to an acute care facility with a tentative diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. The nurse should monitor the client closely for the related problem of:
- A. Severe hypotension
- B. Profound neuromuscular irritability
- C. Excessive thirst
- D. Acute gastritis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoparathyroidism is a condition characterized by decreased levels of parathyroid hormone, which can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia). Profound neuromuscular irritability is a significant complication of hypocalcemia and is a key concern for clients with hypoparathyroidism. Symptoms can include muscle cramps, tetany, seizures, and decreased cardiac contractility. Monitoring for neuromuscular irritability and promptly addressing low calcium levels are essential in the care of clients with hypoparathyroidism.
A client with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) undergoes intradermal anergy testing using Candida and mumps antigen. During the 3 days following the tests, there is no induration or evidence of reaction at the intradermal injection sites. The most accurate conclusion the nurse can make is:
- A. The client has no previous exposure to the antigens injected
- B. The results demonstrate the client has antibodies to the antigens
- C. The client is immunodeficient and won't have a skin response
- D. The client isn't allergic to the antigens and therefore doesn't react
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A client with HIV undergoing intradermal anergy testing with Candida and mumps antigens is suspected to be immunodeficient, making them unable to mount a normal skin response to these antigens. In an immunodeficient individual, the immune system is weakened, leading to a lack of response when exposed to these antigens. A lack of induration or reaction in the 3 days following the test suggests that the client's immune system is not able to mount a normal response, indicating immunodeficiency. The absence of a reaction does not necessarily indicate lack of exposure (Option A), presence of antibodies (Option B), or the absence of allergies (Option D), but rather points to a compromised immune system in an individual with HIV.
A patient is being given Digoxin to treat heart failure. Which of the ff. is a usual adult daily dosage of digoxin (Lanoxin)?
- A. 0.005 mg
- B. 0.025 mg
- C. 0.25 mg
- D. 2.5 mg
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The usual adult daily dosage of digoxin (Lanoxin) for the treatment of heart failure typically ranges from 0.125 mg to 0.25 mg. The maintenance dose is specific to each individual patient's needs and is adjusted based on factors such as age, weight, renal function, and the presence of other medical conditions. The dosage prescribed should be carefully determined by a healthcare provider to ensure optimal therapeutic effects and minimize the risk of side effects associated with digoxin. Dosages higher than 0.25 mg are usually not recommended due to the narrow therapeutic index of digoxin. It is essential for patients taking digoxin to have their drug levels monitored regularly to prevent toxicity.