Nokea
Which midbrain cells are involved in general light reflexes?
- A. red nucleus
- B. superior colliculus
- C. inferior colliculus
- D. substantia nigra
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The superior colliculus in the midbrain is involved in visual processing and light reflexes. It coordinates head and eye movements in response to visual stimuli.
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In evolutionary terms, which is the oldest part of the brain?
- A. the limbic system
- B. the cortex
- C. the right hemisphere
- D. the brain stem
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The brainstem is the oldest part of the brain in evolutionary terms, as it is responsible for basic life-sustaining functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It includes structures like the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. The brainstem has been conserved throughout evolution and is present in all vertebrates, making it a fundamental component of the central nervous system. In contrast, the cortex and limbic system evolved later and are more developed in higher mammals.
In a patient with a stable vertebral fracture, what should the nurse teach the patient to do?
- A. Remain on bed rest until the pain is gone.
- B. Logroll to keep the spine straight when turning.
- C. How to use bone cement to correct the problem.
- D. Take as much analgesic as needed to relieve the pain.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Logrolling minimizes further injury to the spine.
Which of the following conditions is the result of a ruptured cerebral blood vessel and the release of blood into the brain tissue?
- A. Ischemic stroke
- B. Transient ischemic attack
- C. Cerebral aneurysm
- D. Hemorrhagic stroke
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A hemorrhagic stroke involves bleeding into the brain tissue.
Which joint surgery is used to arthroscopically remove degenerative tissue in joints?
- A. Osteotomy
- B. Arthrodesis
- C. Debridement
- D. Synovectomy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Debridement removes damaged tissue arthroscopically.
Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are:
- A. myelinated
- B. unmyelinated
- C. sensory
- D. motor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Myelinated neurons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated neurons due to saltatory conduction, where the signal jumps between nodes of Ranvier. Sensory, motor, and cerebral neurons can be myelinated or unmyelinated, but myelination is the key factor for speed. Thus, A is the correct answer.