Nokea
Which mineral-containing amino acids help to form the shape of proteins?
- A. phosphorus
- B. sulfur
- C. selenium
- D. iron
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: sulfur. Sulfur-containing amino acids like cysteine and methionine play a crucial role in forming disulfide bonds within proteins. These bonds are essential for the proper folding and structural stability of proteins. Phosphorus (choice A), selenium (choice C), and iron (choice D) do not directly contribute to shaping proteins through bond formation.
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What best describes a task of the registered dietitian?
- A. administering total parenteral nutrition
- B. administering formula through feeding tubes
- C. prescribing diet orders
- D. conducting nutrition assessments
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, conducting nutrition assessments. Registered dietitians are responsible for assessing an individual's nutritional status, dietary intake, and health needs. This assessment forms the basis for developing personalized nutrition care plans. Choices A and B involve the administration of specialized nutrition support, which is typically done by healthcare providers with specific training in those areas. Choice C, prescribing diet orders, may fall outside the scope of practice for a dietitian as they focus more on assessment, education, and counseling related to nutrition rather than prescribing medical treatments.
One of the most common factors that compromise the vitamin D status of older adults, particularly those living in assisted living communities is _____.
- A. decreased intake of fruits and vegetables
- B. lack of physical activity
- C. malabsorption due to atrophic gastritis
- D. lack of exposure to sunlight
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: lack of exposure to sunlight.' Older adults, especially those in assisted living communities, are at risk of vitamin D deficiency due to spending most of their time indoors, which reduces their exposure to sunlight. Sunlight is essential for the body to produce vitamin D. Choices A, B, and C are less likely to be major factors in compromising vitamin D status. While a decreased intake of fruits and vegetables and lack of physical activity can impact overall health, they are not as directly related to vitamin D status. Malabsorption due to atrophic gastritis may affect the absorption of certain nutrients, but vitamin D synthesis primarily depends on sunlight exposure.
In PEM, which condition is characterized by symptoms such as muscle weakness, hanging skin, delayed tooth eruption, and changes in saliva?
- A. Marasmus
- B. Kwashiorkor
- C. Anemia
- D. Noma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is Marasmus. Marasmus is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) that leads to muscle wasting, hanging skin, delayed growth, and changes in saliva. These symptoms are commonly seen in vulnerable populations such as children, homeless individuals, older adults, and substance abusers. Kwashiorkor, on the other hand, is characterized by edema, a distended belly, and skin lesions. Anemia is a condition characterized by a low red blood cell count, leading to fatigue and weakness. Noma is a severe infection affecting the face, particularly the mouth and jaw area.
_____ neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine:
- A. saliva
- B. gastric mucus
- C. bicarbonate ions
- D. enzymes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate ions, secreted by the pancreas, neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach, creating a more suitable environment for digestive enzymes. Saliva (choice A) helps in the initial breakdown of food in the mouth, not in neutralizing stomach acid. Gastric mucus (choice B) protects the stomach lining from the acidic environment but does not neutralize the acid in the small intestine. Enzymes (choice D) facilitate chemical reactions in digestion but do not neutralize stomach acid.
Metabolic control is especially important for women with gestational diabetes to ensure the infant does not develop:
- A. microsomia
- B. macrosomia
- C. type 1 diabetes
- D. type 2 diabetes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metabolic control is crucial for women with gestational diabetes to prevent the development of macrosomia, which is characterized by an abnormally large baby. This condition poses risks such as birth injuries and necessitates careful management of blood sugar levels. Microsomia is not a known term related to this context. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are not conditions the infant would develop as a result of gestational diabetes in the mother.