Nokea
Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood regulation, sleep, and appetite?
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Dopamine
- C. Serotonin
- D. GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in mood regulation, sleep, and appetite. It helps regulate emotions, mood, and behavior. Imbalances in serotonin levels have been associated with conditions such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.
Choice A, Acetylcholine, is primarily involved in muscle control and memory functions. Choice B, Dopamine, is associated with reward, motivation, and motor control. Choice D, GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid), is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps reduce neuronal excitability and is not directly linked to mood regulation, sleep, or appetite.
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Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development?
- A. Calcitonin
- B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- C. Thyroxine
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Thyroxine, also known as T4, is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development. It helps control the rate at which the body uses energy, affects protein synthesis, and influences the body's sensitivity to other hormones. Calcitonin (A) is another hormone produced by the thyroid gland, but its primary function is to regulate calcium levels in the blood. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (B) is produced by the parathyroid glands and is involved in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. Insulin (D) is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels.
Which macromolecule serves as the repository of genetic information in all living organisms?
- A. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- B. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- C. Protein
- D. Carbohydrate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: - DNA is the macromolecule that serves as the repository of genetic information in all living organisms. It carries the genetic instructions necessary for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of organisms.
- RNA (option A) is involved in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis, but DNA is the primary molecule responsible for storing genetic information.
- Proteins (option C) are essential for various cellular functions but do not serve as the primary repository of genetic information.
- Carbohydrates (option D) are important for energy storage and structural support but do not store genetic information.
What is the periodic table?
- A. A table of elements that are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
- B. A table of elements that are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass.
- C. A table of elements that are arranged in order of their reactivity.
- D. A table of elements that are arranged in order of their color.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized based on their atomic number, electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. Elements are placed in rows (periods) and columns (groups) with similar properties. The elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. This arrangement reveals a periodic repetition of chemical properties, forming the basis of the periodic law. Choice B, which suggests arranging elements based on increasing atomic mass, is incorrect because the periodic table is primarily organized by atomic number, not atomic mass. Choices C and D are also incorrect as the periodic table is not based on reactivity or color of elements, but rather on atomic number and properties.
What is the process by which a cell divides to produce two daughter cells?
- A. Mitosis
- B. Meiosis
- C. Differentiation
- D. Transformation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mitosis is the correct answer because it is the process of cell division that results in the production of two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell. Meiosis, while also involving cell division, leads to the formation of gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Differentiation is the specialization of cells for specific functions, not the process of cell division. Transformation involves a cell incorporating foreign DNA into its genome, which is unrelated to the division of a cell into two daughter cells.
What is the law that states energy can neither be created nor destroyed?
- A. Law of Conservation of Matter
- B. Law of Conservation of Energy
- C. Law of Universal Gravitation
- D. Law of Inertia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is the Law of Conservation of Energy. This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The Law of Conservation of Matter (Choice A) is related to mass and the preservation of mass in a closed system, not energy. The Law of Universal Gravitation (Choice C) describes the force of attraction between objects with mass. The Law of Inertia (Choice D) states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.