Nokea
Which of the following age-based changes is false?
- A. The lungs lose elastic tissue
- B. The lung's compliance changes
- C. Vital capacity increases
- D. Respiratory muscles weaken
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because vital capacity actually decreases with age due to changes in lung elasticity and muscle strength. A is correct as aging causes the lungs to lose elastic tissue. B is correct as lung compliance changes with age. D is correct as respiratory muscles weaken over time. Therefore, only option C is false in the context of age-related changes in lung function.
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The impulse for voluntary muscles for forceful breathing starts in
- A. Medulla (Pons)
- B. Vagus nerve
- C. Cerebral hemispheres
- D. Spinal cord
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cerebral hemispheres. The impulse for voluntary muscles for forceful breathing originates in the cerebral hemispheres where conscious control over breathing is regulated. The cerebral cortex sends signals to the respiratory muscles to increase or decrease breathing effort based on the body's needs. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Medulla (Pons) - This region of the brainstem is responsible for automatic breathing control, not voluntary forceful breathing.
B: Vagus nerve - The vagus nerve is not directly involved in initiating voluntary breathing movements.
D: Spinal cord - While the spinal cord plays a role in coordinating some aspects of breathing, it is not the primary center for voluntary forceful breathing control.
Which of the following nursing interventions are involved when caring for a client with influenza?
- A. Maintain airborne transmission precautions
- B. Complete bed rest
- C. Oxygen administration
- D. Immediate recognition of respiratory distress
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Immediate recognition of respiratory distress is vital in clients with influenza, especially those at risk of complications. A (airborne precautions) is unnecessary unless the client is immunocompromised. B (complete bed rest) is outdated practice. C (oxygen administration) is only needed if hypoxia is present.
A class of immunoglobulins found concentrated in breast milk, and thus serve to passively and naturally enhance the specific immune system of a newborn is:
- A. IgA.
- B. IgD.
- C. IgE.
- D. IgG.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: IgA is the correct answer. It is found in breast milk and provides passive immunity to newborns through breastfeeding.
Step 2: IgD is mainly found on the surface of B cells and is involved in the activation of B cells.
Step 3: IgE is involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections, not typically found in high concentrations in breast milk.
Step 4: IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the bloodstream but is not typically concentrated in breast milk like IgA.
Summary: IgA is the correct answer because it is specifically designed to provide passive immunity to newborns through breast milk, while the other choices do not serve this function.
The nurse is performing a respiratory assessment of an adult patient and is attempting to distinguish between vesicular, bronchovesicular, and bronchial (tubular) breath sounds. The nurse should distinguish between these normal breath sounds on what basis?
- A. Their location over a specific area of the lung
- B. The volume of the sounds
- C. Whether they are heard on inspiration or expiration
- D. Whether or not they are continuous breath sounds
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because vesicular, bronchovesicular, and bronchial breath sounds are distinguished based on their location over specific areas of the lung. Vesicular sounds are soft and low-pitched and are heard over most of the lung fields, bronchovesicular sounds are intermediate in pitch and are heard over the major bronchi, and bronchial sounds are loud and high-pitched and are heard over the trachea and larynx. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the distinction between these breath sounds is not based on volume, inspiration or expiration, or continuity of the sounds.
Which of the following Hormone is secreted in excess when a person climbing a mountain
- A. Anti Natriuretic Factor
- B. Adrelaline
- C. Erythropoietin
- D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Erythropoietin. When climbing a mountain, the body experiences reduced oxygen levels, triggering the release of erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production and improve oxygen delivery. This helps counteract the effects of high altitude.
Explanation of other choices:
A: Anti Natriuretic Factor - This hormone regulates sodium and water balance in the body, not directly related to climbing a mountain.
B: Adrenaline - Released in response to stress or danger, not specifically related to climbing a mountain.
D: Thyroxine - Regulates metabolism and energy levels, not directly related to the physiological response to climbing a mountain.