Nokea
Which of the following antiarrhythmic drugs would be appropriate for this patient?
- A. Sotalol
- B. Flecainide
- C. Mexiletine
- D. Lidocaine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Identify the patient's condition as ventricular arrhythmia.
Step 2: Choose a drug effective for ventricular arrhythmias, like Lidocaine.
Step 3: Lidocaine is a class Ib antiarrhythmic drug that acts quickly on ventricular tissue.
Step 4: Sotalol (A) is a non-selective beta blocker, not ideal for ventricular arrhythmias.
Step 5: Flecainide (B) is a class Ic antiarrhythmic drug more suitable for supraventricular arrhythmias.
Step 6: Mexiletine (C) is a class Ib antiarrhythmic, but lidocaine is preferred for acute ventricular arrhythmias.
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Tick the drug, a salicylamide derivative:
- A. Praziquantel
- B. Piperazine
- C. Mebendazole
- D. Niclosamide
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Niclosamide. Niclosamide is a salicylamide derivative used to treat tapeworm infections. This drug works by disrupting the mitochondrial function of parasites.
Explanation:
1. Praziquantel (A) is used to treat schistosomiasis, not a salicylamide derivative.
2. Piperazine (B) is used to treat roundworm infections, not a salicylamide derivative.
3. Mebendazole (C) is an anthelmintic used to treat various worm infections, not a salicylamide derivative.
In summary, Niclosamide is the correct choice as it is a salicylamide derivative specifically used for tapeworm infections, while the other options are used for different types of worm infections.
Tachyphylaxis is:
- A. A drug interaction between two similar types of drugs
- B. Very rapidly developing tolerance
- C. A decrease in responsiveness to a drug, taking days or weeks to develop
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tachyphylaxis refers to a rapid decrease in response to a drug upon repeated or continuous administration. The correct answer is B because it specifically mentions "very rapidly developing tolerance," which accurately describes tachyphylaxis. Option A is incorrect because tachyphylaxis is not related to drug interactions. Option C is incorrect because tachyphylaxis is characterized by a quick onset of decreased responsiveness, not taking days or weeks to develop. Option D is incorrect as tachyphylaxis is a recognized phenomenon in pharmacology.
Indicate a muscarinic receptor-blocking drug:
- A. Scopolamine
- B. Pipecuronium
- C. Trimethaphan
- D. Pilocarpine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Scopolamine. Scopolamine is a muscarinic receptor-blocking drug that antagonizes the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Scopolamine is commonly used for its anticholinergic effects, such as reducing salivation and mucous secretion.
B: Pipecuronium is a neuromuscular blocking agent that acts at the neuromuscular junction, not at muscarinic receptors.
C: Trimethaphan is a ganglionic blocker that acts at the autonomic ganglia, not at muscarinic receptors.
D: Pilocarpine is a muscarinic receptor agonist, not a muscarinic receptor blocker. It is used to stimulate muscarinic receptors for various therapeutic purposes.
Indicate the neuromuscular blocker, which causes tachycardia:
- A. Tubocurarine
- B. Atracurium
- C. Pancuronium
- D. Succinylcholine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (Pancuronium). Pancuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that can cause tachycardia by blocking muscarinic receptors leading to the inhibition of the parasympathetic system. This results in the dominance of the sympathetic system, leading to tachycardia.
Tubocurarine (A) and Atracurium (B) are also non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers, but they do not directly cause tachycardia. Succinylcholine (D) is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that can cause bradycardia due to its effects on acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
Indicate an antiseizure drug that is a sodium channel blocker and is used as an adjunctive therapy for partial and generalized seizures:
- A. Carbamazepine
- B. Lacosamide
- C. Ethosuximide
- D. Lamotrigine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Lacosamide is a sodium channel blocker, working by enhancing slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels.
2. It is used as an adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures in adults.
3. Lacosamide is also approved for the treatment of generalized seizures in certain patients.
4. Carbamazepine (A) is a sodium channel blocker but is primarily used for focal seizures.
5. Ethosuximide (C) is a T-type calcium channel blocker used for absence seizures.
6. Lamotrigine (D) is a sodium channel blocker but is mainly used for focal and generalized seizures, not as an adjunctive therapy.