Nokea
Which of the following antidepressants is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor?
- A. Phenelzine
- B. Desipramine
- C. Maprotiline
- D. Fluoxetine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fluoxetine. Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) because it specifically targets the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, leading to increased levels of serotonin available for neurotransmission. Phenelzine (A) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, Desipramine (B) is a tricyclic antidepressant, and Maprotiline (C) is a tetracyclic antidepressant. These medications work through different mechanisms than SSRIs and do not specifically target serotonin reuptake. Therefore, they are not classified as SSRIs.
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All of antibiotics are aminoglycosides, EXCEPT:
- A. Gentamycin
- B. Streptomycin
- C. Clindamycin
- D. Neomycin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Clindamycin. Clindamycin is not an aminoglycoside; it belongs to the lincosamide class. Gentamicin, Streptomycin, and Neomycin are aminoglycosides. Aminoglycosides are characterized by their mechanism of action involving binding to the bacterial ribosome, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis. Clindamycin, on the other hand, acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis at a different site. Therefore, Clindamycin does not belong to the aminoglycoside group.
A patient is in an urgent-care center with an acute asthma attack. The nurse expects that which medication will be used for initial treatment?
- A. An anticholinergic such as ipratropium (Atrovent)
- B. A short-acting beta2 agonist such as albuterol (Proventil)
- C. A long-acting beta2 agonist such as salmeterol (Serevent)
- D. A corticosteroid such as fluticasone (Flovent)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A short-acting beta2 agonist such as albuterol (Proventil). In an acute asthma attack, bronchodilation is crucial for quick relief. Short-acting beta2 agonists like albuterol act rapidly to dilate the airways, providing immediate relief of symptoms. Anticholinergics like ipratropium (A) are also bronchodilators but are not as effective for acute exacerbations. Long-acting beta2 agonists like salmeterol (C) are used for long-term maintenance, not for immediate relief. Corticosteroids like fluticasone (D) are important for reducing airway inflammation but are not the first-line treatment for acute attacks.
Ketoprofen is a propionic acid derivative that inhibits both cyclooxygenase (nonselectively) and lipoxygenase. This statement is:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. None
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Ketoprofen is indeed a propionic acid derivative that inhibits both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase nonselectively. This is because ketoprofen belongs to the class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes to reduce inflammation and pain. Additionally, ketoprofen has been shown to inhibit lipoxygenase, another enzyme involved in the inflammatory process. Therefore, this statement accurately describes the pharmacological actions of ketoprofen. Choices B and C are incorrect because the statement is true, and choice D is incorrect as it suggests all options are correct when only option A is accurate in this case.
All these drug groups useful in angina both decrease myocardial oxygen requirement (by decreasing the determinations of oxygen demand) and increase myocardial oxygen delivery (by reversing coronary arterial spasm), EXCEPT:
- A. Nitrates and nitrite drugs (Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide dinitrate)
- B. Calcium channel blockers (Nifedipine, Nimodipine)
- C. Beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs (Atenolol, Metoprolol)
- D. Potassium channel openers (Minoxidil)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Potassium channel openers (Minoxidil). Potassium channel openers do not decrease myocardial oxygen requirement or increase myocardial oxygen delivery in angina. Nitrates and nitrite drugs, calcium channel blockers, and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs all have mechanisms that achieve both of these effects. Nitrates and nitrite drugs dilate coronary arteries, increasing oxygen delivery, and decrease preload, decreasing oxygen demand. Calcium channel blockers reduce myocardial contractility and dilate coronary arteries. Beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs reduce heart rate and contractility, thus reducing oxygen demand. Potassium channel openers like minoxidil primarily act as vasodilators but do not have a direct effect on myocardial oxygen demand or delivery in angina.
All of the following drugs increase the effects of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents EXCEPT:
- A. Aminoglycosides
- B. Antiarrhythmic drugs
- C. Nondepolarizing blockers
- D. Local anesthetics
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Nondepolarizing blockers compete with depolarizing agents at the neuromuscular junction, reducing their effects.
2. Aminoglycosides can potentiate neuromuscular blockade.
3. Antiarrhythmic drugs can enhance neuromuscular blockade.
4. Local anesthetics can increase neuromuscular blockade.
5. Therefore, only nondepolarizing blockers do not increase the effects of depolarizing agents.