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Which of the following bacteria is a common cause of pneumonia?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause pulmonary tuberculosis, which can present as pneumonia-like symptoms.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals.
Therefore, all three bacteria can cause pneumonia, making option D the correct choice. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because they each represent a bacterium that can cause pneumonia, so only selecting one of them would not encompass all common causes of pneumonia.
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Slime, blood and protozoa 30-200 microns of length have been revealed in a man's feces. The body is covered with cilias and has correct oval form with a little bit narrowed forward and wide round shaped back end. On the forward end a mouth is visible. In cytoplasm there are two nucleuses and two short vacuoles. For whom are the described attributes typical?
- A. Balantidium
- B. Lamblia
- C. Dysenteric amoeba
- D. Trichomonas
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: The described attributes match those of Balantidium. The presence of cilia, oval shape with a narrowed front and wide back end, visible mouth, two nucleuses, and short vacuoles are all characteristic features of Balantidium. Balantidium is a ciliated protozoan parasite commonly found in the human intestine. The other choices can be eliminated based on specific characteristics: Lamblia lacks cilia and has a different shape, Dysenteric amoeba typically has a single nucleus, and Trichomonas does not have cilia or multiple nuclei. Therefore, based on the specific attributes described, the correct answer is Balantidium (Choice A).
A female who had been continuously taking antibiotics for an intestinal infection developed a complication manifested by inflammation of the oral mucosa and white deposit. Bacteriological study of the deposit samples revealed yeast fungi Candida albicans. Which of the following medications is indicated for the treatment of this complication?
- A. Fluconazole
- B. Biseptol
- C. Tetracycline
- D. Furazolidone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A: Fluconazole): Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat yeast infections caused by Candida albicans. It targets the fungal cell membrane, disrupting its structure and function. This makes it an effective treatment for oral thrush, which is caused by Candida overgrowth in the oral mucosa. The continuous use of antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of microorganisms in the body, leading to fungal overgrowth. Fluconazole specifically targets the yeast fungi without affecting bacteria, making it the appropriate choice for this complication.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Biseptol - Biseptol is an antibiotic that targets bacteria, not fungi like Candida albicans.
C: Tetracycline - Tetracycline is also an antibiotic that targets bacteria, not fungi.
D: Furazolidone - Furazolidone is an antibiotic primarily used for treating bacterial infections, not fungal infections like oral thrush caused by Candida
Rod-shaped bacteria, some of which are endospore forming, are referred to as:
- A. cocci
- B. bacilli
- C. spirals
- D. vibrios
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria, some of which are endospore forming. Cocci are spherical, spirals are spiral-shaped, and vibrios are curved rod-shaped bacteria. Bacilli specifically refer to rod-shaped bacteria, making it the correct answer in this context.
What is the primary mode of transmission for tetanus?
- A. Ingestion of contaminated food
- B. Inhalation of droplets
- C. Contaminated wounds
- D. Direct physical contact
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Contaminated wounds. Tetanus is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which enters the body through breaks in the skin such as wounds or cuts. The bacteria produce a toxin that affects the nervous system, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms. Ingestion of contaminated food (choice A) is not a mode of transmission for tetanus. Inhalation of droplets (choice B) is more relevant for respiratory infections. Direct physical contact (choice D) is not the primary mode of transmission for tetanus as the bacteria need a portal of entry such as a wound to cause infection.
Precipitation reaction can be converted into agglutination reaction by coating soluble antigen onto
- A. Bentonite (clay) particles
- B. RBCs
- C. Latex particles
- D. All of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of these. Coating soluble antigen onto Bentonite particles, RBCs, or Latex particles can convert a precipitation reaction into an agglutination reaction. This is because soluble antigens bind to their specific antibodies, causing the particles to clump together, visible as agglutination. Bentonite particles, RBCs, and Latex particles all provide surfaces for the antigen-antibody interaction to occur, leading to agglutination. Therefore, all of these options are correct for converting precipitation reactions to agglutination reactions.