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Which of the following best describes the concept of evidence-based practice (EBP)?
- A. Clinical expertise as the primary basis for decision making
- B. Research findings as the sole basis for decision making
- C. Combining clinical expertise with the best available research evidence
- D. Following institutional guidelines for patient care
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because evidence-based practice (EBP) involves integrating clinical expertise with the best available research evidence and considering patient preferences. This approach ensures that decisions are informed by both the clinician's experience and the most current and relevant research findings, leading to the most effective and individualized patient care. Choice A is incorrect as it solely relies on clinical expertise without considering research evidence. Choice B is incorrect as it suggests solely relying on research findings, neglecting the importance of clinical judgment. Choice D is incorrect as it focuses on following institutional guidelines rather than on the integration of clinical expertise and research evidence.
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Which of the following theories explains that organizations are made up of intertwined links and diversified choices that generate unanticipated consequences?
- A. Contingency theory
- B. Closed system theory
- C. Open system theory
- D. Chaos theory
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Chaos theory. This theory explains that organizations are complex systems with interconnected elements that can lead to unpredictable outcomes. Chaos theory emphasizes the nonlinear dynamics and sensitivity to initial conditions within organizations.
A: Contingency theory focuses on the idea that there is no one best way to organize. It does not specifically address the generation of unanticipated consequences.
B: Closed system theory assumes organizations are isolated and self-sufficient, which does not align with the idea of generating unanticipated consequences.
C: Open system theory emphasizes how organizations interact with their environment, but it does not directly address the generation of unanticipated consequences within the organization.
Through which of the following methods are values learned?
- A. Reading books
- B. Formal degrees
- C. Continuous reinforcement
- D. Meeting diverse individuals
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Continuous reinforcement. Values are typically learned through consistent reinforcement of behavior that aligns with those values. This reinforcement can come from various sources such as parents, teachers, peers, and societal norms. Continuous reinforcement ensures that the values are internalized and become part of one's belief system.
A: Reading books may expose individuals to different perspectives and values, but values are primarily learned through experiential and interpersonal interactions rather than just reading.
B: Formal degrees may provide education and knowledge but do not guarantee the internalization of values. Values are often shaped through personal experiences and interactions rather than academic qualifications.
D: Meeting diverse individuals can broaden one's perspective and expose them to different values, but values are not solely learned through interaction with others. Continuous reinforcement plays a more crucial role in internalizing values.
The ANA is a registered labor organization, but it does not engage in direct __________.
- A. Empower union affiliation
- B. Reward union affiliation
- C. Encourage union affiliation
- D. Collective bargaining
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Collective bargaining. The American Nurses Association (ANA) is a professional organization representing nurses, not a labor union. Therefore, it does not engage in direct collective bargaining on behalf of its members. Collective bargaining is the process of negotiation between employers and employees, typically labor unions, to determine wages, working conditions, and other terms of employment. The other choices (A, B, C) are incorrect because the ANA focuses on professional development, advocacy, and promoting the interests of nurses rather than traditional labor union activities like empowering, rewarding, or encouraging union affiliation.
When using an open irrigation technique to irrigate a client's indwelling urinary catheter, which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Position the client in a side-lying position.
- B. Perform the irrigation using a 20-mL syringe.
- C. Instill 15 mL of irrigation fluid into the catheter with each flush.
- D. Measure and record the amount of irrigant used.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Perform the irrigation using a 20-mL syringe. This is the correct action because using a 20-mL syringe allows for precise and controlled instillation of the irrigation fluid into the catheter. Using a smaller syringe helps prevent excessive pressure within the catheter, reducing the risk of trauma or damage to the client's urinary system.
A: Positioning the client in a side-lying position is not essential for open irrigation technique, as long as the client is comfortable and the procedure can be safely performed.
C: Instilling 15 mL of irrigation fluid with each flush may not be appropriate as the volume needed may vary based on the client's condition.
D: Although measuring and recording the amount of irrigant used is important for documentation purposes, it is not the immediate action to ensure the safe and effective irrigation of the catheter.
Which of the following is NOT considered a withdrawal behavior?
- A. Turnover
- B. Strategies
- C. Stress
- D. Punctuality
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Strategies. Withdrawal behaviors are actions employees take to mentally or physically disengage from their work or organization. Turnover involves leaving the organization, stress is a psychological response, and punctuality relates to attendance. Strategies, on the other hand, refer to the methods or plans individuals use to achieve goals, which is not directly related to withdrawal behaviors. Thus, it is not considered a withdrawal behavior.