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Which of the following BEST describes the PRIMARY goal of CO-PAR?
- A. Enhances the skills of the nurse in research
- B. Makes the community empowered and self -reliant
- C. Increases funding of the community programs
- D. Helps clean-up and beautify the community
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The PRIMARY goal of CO-PAR (Community-based Participatory Action Research) is to make the community empowered and self-reliant. CO-PAR emphasizes collaboration between researchers and the community members to address issues that directly affect the community. This approach prioritizes community empowerment, leading to sustainable solutions and positive changes within the community. The goal is not just about enhancing individual skills, increasing funding, or beautifying the community, but rather about fostering community ownership and self-reliance in problem-solving and decision-making processes.
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A patient presents with tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. On examination, the patient demonstrates a shuffling gait, stooped posture, and a masked facies. Which of the following neurological conditions is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- A. Alzheimer's disease
- B. Parkinson's disease
- C. Multiple sclerosis (MS)
- D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The symptoms described in the patient, such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slow movement), and postural instability, along with the presence of a shuffling gait, stooped posture, and masked facies, are classic features of Parkinson's disease. These motor symptoms are primarily caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. This results in an imbalance of neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine, leading to motor dysfunction and characteristic movement abnormalities seen in Parkinson's disease.
A pregnant woman presents with fever, chills, and abdominal pain localized to the right lower quadrant. On examination, she has rebound tenderness and guarding. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Ectopic pregnancy
- B. Pelvic inflammatory disease
- C. Acute appendicitis
- D. Ovarian torsion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acute appendicitis is the most likely cause of the symptoms described in the pregnant woman. The classic presentation of acute appendicitis includes fever, chills, abdominal pain localized to the right lower quadrant, rebound tenderness, and guarding. Pregnant women are at a slightly higher risk of developing appendicitis due to anatomic changes and increased abdominal pressure during pregnancy, which can lead to an atypical presentation of symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention are crucial to prevent complications such as perforation, which can be detrimental for both the mother and the fetus.
Which of the following actions is appropriate for managing a conscious patient with a suspected stroke?
- A. Administering aspirin immediately.
- B. Placing the patient in a supine position.
- C. Encouraging the patient to eat and drink.
- D. Activating emergency medical services (EMS) for rapid transport to a stroke center.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Activating emergency medical services (EMS) for rapid transport to a stroke center is the most appropriate action for managing a conscious patient with a suspected stroke. Time is critical in stroke care, and receiving specialized treatment at a stroke center as soon as possible can significantly improve outcomes for stroke patients. EMS providers are trained to recognize the signs of stroke and can begin essential pre-hospital care measures while en route to the hospital. Administering aspirin immediately is not recommended without medical evaluation, as certain types of strokes (such as hemorrhagic strokes) can be worsened by aspirin. Placing the patient in a supine position may not be ideal, as maintaining an elevated position can help prevent aspiration in stroke patients. Encouraging the patient to eat and drink is not appropriate, as swallowing difficulties are common in stroke patients and can lead to aspiration pneumonia.
Which of the following is the cause of Somogyi effect, which occurs during sleep in patients with diabetes mellitus?
- A. too much globulin
- B. too much albumin
- C. increase insulin in the body
- D. limited insulin in the body
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Somogyi effect, also known as rebound hyperglycemia, is a phenomenon observed in patients with diabetes mellitus during sleep. It is characterized by a low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) followed by high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) in the morning. This occurs due to limited insulin in the body during the night, leading to high blood sugar levels in the morning as a response to the hypoglycemia episode. Too much globulin or albumin are not directly associated with the Somogyi effect. Increasing insulin in the body would rather help prevent the hypoglycemia episode that triggers the rebound hyperglycemia in the Somogyi effect.
In the care of families, crisis intervention is an important part of _____.
- A. Secondary prevention
- B. Primary prevention
- C. Tertiary prevention
- D. Health promotion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Crisis intervention is an important part of secondary prevention in the care of families. Secondary prevention involves activities that aim to reduce the impact of a crisis or event that has already occurred. Crisis intervention provides immediate support and strategies to help families cope with and overcome a crisis situation. By addressing the crisis quickly and effectively, secondary prevention can help prevent further negative outcomes and promote the well-being of the family members.