Nokea
Which of the following can be used for specific prophylaxis of pertussis?
- A. Pertussis toxoid
- B. Killed vaccine
- C. Wide-spectrum antibiotics
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pertussis toxoid. This is because pertussis toxoid is a component of the pertussis vaccine, which provides specific prophylaxis against pertussis by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the bacteria causing the disease. Choice B, killed vaccine, is incorrect as it does not specify pertussis toxoid. Choice C, wide-spectrum antibiotics, is incorrect as antibiotics are used for treatment, not prophylaxis. Choice D, None of the above, is incorrect as pertussis toxoid is specifically used for prophylaxis of pertussis.
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Risk factor for the development of infection is
- A. malignant disease
- B. cytostatic therapy
- C. premature birth
- D. all of them
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: all of them. Malignant disease weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Cytostatic therapy suppresses the immune system, increasing the risk of infections. Premature birth can lead to underdeveloped immune systems, making babies more prone to infections. Therefore, all three choices are risk factors for the development of infections. Other choices are incorrect because each individual risk factor listed contributes to an increased susceptibility to infections.
Granulomas containing lymphocytes and macrophages were detected during analysis of skin biopsy material. Among macrophages there are large cells with fat inclusions, which contain microorganisms in spheric packages (Virchow's cells). The following disease is based on the described type of hypersensitivity:
- A. Leprosy
- B. Syphilis
- C. Tuberculosis
- D. Rhinoscleroma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tuberculosis. Granulomas with lymphocytes and macrophages containing Virchow's cells (large cells with fat inclusions containing microorganisms) are classic findings in tuberculosis. Leprosy (A) typically presents with granulomas but with different histopathological features. Syphilis (B) does not usually form granulomas in the skin. Rhinoscleroma (D) is a chronic bacterial infection characterized by nodular lesions but does not typically involve Virchow's cells as seen in tuberculosis.
Which of the following viruses belong to family Arenaviridae
- A. Lassa virus
- B. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
- C. Rabies virus
- D. Epstein-Bar virus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lassa virus. The rationale is as follows:
1. Lassa virus is a member of the Arenaviridae family, known for causing Lassa fever.
2. Arenaviridae family includes viruses with a segmented genome and are transmitted through rodents.
3. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Choice B) belongs to the Bunyaviridae family, not Arenaviridae.
4. Rabies virus (Choice C) belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family, not Arenaviridae.
5. Epstein-Barr virus (Choice D) belongs to the Herpesviridae family, not Arenaviridae.
In summary, Lassa virus is the correct choice as it aligns with the characteristics of the Arenaviridae family, while the other choices belong to different virus families.
Which of the following best describes a Gram-negative bacterium?
- A. Has a thick peptidoglycan layer
- B. Has an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides
- C. Stains purple
- D. Has no cell wall
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides, which is a key characteristic used in Gram staining. This outer membrane is responsible for the pink/red color seen when stained with Gram stain. Choice A is incorrect because Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer. Choice C is incorrect because Gram-negative bacteria stain pink, not purple. Choice D is incorrect because all bacteria have a cell wall, but Gram-negative bacteria have a different structure compared to Gram-positive bacteria.
Anti-influenza drugs that target the neuraminidase are;
- A. Maxi Grip and Tamiflu
- B. Theraflu and Relenza
- C. Amantadine and Rimantadine
- D. Relenza and Tamiflu
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Relenza and Tamiflu. Both Relenza and Tamiflu are anti-influenza drugs that target the neuraminidase enzyme of the influenza virus, thereby inhibiting its replication and spread. Maxi Grip (A) is not an anti-influenza drug, Theraflu (B) contains different active ingredients, and Amantadine and Rimantadine (C) target a different viral protein, M2 ion channel. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not specifically target neuraminidase for influenza treatment.