Nokea
Which of the following drugs is not used to treat influenza
- A. Acyclovir
- B. Tamiflu
- C. Amantadine
- D. Relenza
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used to treat herpes infections, not influenza. Tamiflu, Amantadine, and Relenza are all antiviral drugs commonly used to treat influenza. Acyclovir works by inhibiting the replication of herpes viruses, so it is not effective against the influenza virus. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
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Which of the following bacteria can be transmitted via droplets in the air?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Clostridium botulinum
- D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium can be transmitted via droplets in the air through coughing or sneezing. It is spread through respiratory droplets containing the bacteria. Streptococcus pneumoniae (A) is transmitted through direct contact with respiratory secretions, not through droplets in the air. Escherichia coli (B) is commonly transmitted through contaminated food or water, not through the air. Clostridium botulinum (C) is typically transmitted through contaminated food, not via respiratory droplets. Therefore, the correct choice is D as it is the only bacterium listed that can be transmitted via droplets in the air.
A patient had been provisionally diagnosed with syphilis. A laboratory assistant took the blood serum for an immunologic test based on the detection of antibodies preventing the movement of treponemas and causing their death. What reaction was used for the diagnosis?
- A. Immobilization
- B. Complement binding
- C. Agglutination
- D. Precipitation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Immobilization. This technique is called the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test, used to diagnose syphilis. The rationale is as follows:
1. TPI test detects antibodies that prevent the movement of treponemas, causing their death.
2. By immobilizing the treponemas, it indicates the presence of specific antibodies against syphilis.
3. This test is highly specific for syphilis diagnosis as it directly targets the causative agent.
Other choices are incorrect:
B: Complement binding - Not specific to syphilis, more commonly used for other diseases.
C: Agglutination - Detects clumping of particles, not specific to treponemas or syphilis.
D: Precipitation - Involves the formation of a solid, not directly related to treponema movement or death.
Enzymatic reactions can be expressed in which of the following chemical notations?
- A. S + P = E
- B. P + P = E
- C. E + S = P
- D. S + S = P
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: E + S = P. This notation represents the interaction between an enzyme (E) and a substrate (S) resulting in a product (P). Enzymes facilitate chemical reactions by binding to substrates and converting them into products. Choice A is incorrect because it does not include the enzyme in the reaction. Choice B is incorrect as it involves two substrates binding to the enzyme, not a substrate converting to a product. Choice D is incorrect as it shows two substrates reacting to form a product without involvement of an enzyme. Thus, choice C accurately represents the process of enzymatic reactions involving enzymes, substrates, and products.
Microscopy of dental plaque revealed unicellular organisms. Their cytoplasm had two distinct layers, barely visible core, wide pseudopodia. The patient is most likely to have:
- A. Entamoeba gingivalis
- B. Entamoeba histolytica
- C. Lamblia
- D. Trichomonas tenax
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Trichomonas tenax. Trichomonas tenax is a flagellated protozoan that is commonly found in the oral cavity, specifically in dental plaque. The description provided in the question matches the characteristics of Trichomonas tenax, such as unicellular structure, distinct layers in the cytoplasm, wide pseudopodia, and barely visible core. Entamoeba gingivalis (choice A) and Entamoeba histolytica (choice B) are amoebas, not flagellated protozoa, and they do not exhibit the characteristics described in the question. Lamblia (choice C) is also an incorrect choice as it is a different type of protozoan that does not match the description provided.
The presence of E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the pharynx is
- A. Part of the normal resident flora
- B. colonization
- C. both A and B
- D. none of the listed
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: colonization. E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the pharynx indicate colonization rather than being part of the normal resident flora. Colonization refers to the presence of these bacteria on body surfaces without causing harm. They are not considered normal flora in the pharynx but rather transient or opportunistic pathogens. Choice A is incorrect because these bacteria are not part of the normal resident flora of the pharynx. Choice C is incorrect as it implies that these bacteria are both normal flora and colonization, which is not accurate. Choice D is incorrect as there is evidence of bacterial presence, indicating colonization.