Nokea
The generic name of a drug refers to its __________ name.
- A. trade
- B. proprietary
- C. chemical
- D. nonproprietary
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: nonproprietary. The generic name of a drug is the official, nonproprietary name given to a drug by an organization such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This name is not owned by any specific company and is used universally to identify the drug's active ingredient. The generic name helps to communicate the specific medication being prescribed and allows for cost-effective options for consumers.
A: Trade name refers to the brand name given to a drug by a pharmaceutical company.
B: Proprietary name is another term for the trade name, specific to the company that produces the drug.
C: Chemical name refers to the exact chemical composition of the drug, which may not be user-friendly or easily recognized by healthcare professionals or consumers.
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Microscopy of stained (Ziehl-Neelsen staining) smears taken from the sputum of a patient with chronic pulmonary disease revealed red bacilli. What property of tuberculous bacillus was shown up?
- A. Acid resistance
- B. Alkali resistance
- C. Alcohol resistance
- D. Capsule formation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acid resistance. Tuberculous bacilli are acid-fast bacilli, meaning they resist decolorization by acid-alcohol after staining with Ziehl-Neelsen stain. This property is due to the high lipid content in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Alkali resistance (B) and alcohol resistance (C) are not specific properties of tuberculous bacilli. Capsule formation (D) is a characteristic of some bacteria but is not a defining feature of tuberculous bacilli.
Agglutination reaction is one of the following:
- A. Western blot
- B. ELISA
- C. Reaction type GRUBER
- D. Ascoli ring test
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reaction type GRUBER. Agglutination reaction in GRUBER involves the clumping of particles due to specific antibodies binding to antigens on the surface. This reaction is commonly used in blood typing and serology tests.
A: Western blot is a technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample, not related to agglutination.
B: ELISA is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used to detect antibodies or antigens, not based on agglutination.
D: Ascoli ring test is a method to detect the presence of DNA in a sample, not related to agglutination.
Patients after transplantation of allogeneic stem cells are monitored periodically for reactivation of
- A. HAV
- B. CMV
- C. Rubella virus
- D. Measles virus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: CMV. Patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation are monitored for CMV reactivation due to its potential to cause severe complications in immunocompromised individuals. CMV can lead to organ damage and even mortality in these patients. Monitoring for CMV reactivation allows for early detection and prompt intervention.
Incorrect Choices:
A: HAV - Hepatitis A virus reactivation is not commonly monitored in post-transplant patients.
C: Rubella virus - Rubella is not a common concern for reactivation in this patient population.
D: Measles virus - Measles reactivation is not typically monitored in these patients.
Which is NOT an antigen-presenting cell (or APC)?
- A. B cell
- B. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
- C. Dendritic cell
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Polymorphonuclear leukocyte. APCs are specialized immune cells that present antigens to T cells. B cells and dendritic cells are classic examples of APCs, as they can efficiently present antigens. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, such as neutrophils, are not considered traditional APCs because they are primarily involved in phagocytosis and killing of pathogens rather than antigen presentation. Therefore, they do not play a significant role in initiating adaptive immune responses. The incorrect choices are A (B cell) and C (Dendritic cell) because they are both well-known antigen-presenting cells in the immune system. Choice D (All of the above) is incorrect because B cells and dendritic cells are indeed antigen-presenting cells.
Tinea capitis is a fungal infection of the:
- A. feet
- B. scalp
- C. mouth
- D. hands
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: scalp. Tinea capitis is a fungal infection that specifically affects the scalp. This infection is caused by dermatophytes, which thrive in warm and moist environments. It typically presents with symptoms such as scaling, itching, and hair loss on the scalp. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because tinea pedis (athlete's foot) affects the feet, oral thrush is a fungal infection of the mouth, and tinea manuum affects the hands. By process of elimination and understanding the specific characteristics of tinea capitis, we can determine that the scalp is the correct location for this fungal infection.