Nokea
Anti-influenza drugs that target the neuraminidase are;
- A. Maxi Grip and Tamiflu
- B. Theraflu and Relenza
- C. Amantadine and Rimantadine
- D. Relenza and Tamiflu
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Relenza and Tamiflu. Both Relenza and Tamiflu are anti-influenza drugs that target the neuraminidase enzyme of the influenza virus, thereby inhibiting its replication and spread. Maxi Grip (A) is not an anti-influenza drug, Theraflu (B) contains different active ingredients, and Amantadine and Rimantadine (C) target a different viral protein, M2 ion channel. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not specifically target neuraminidase for influenza treatment.
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A bacteriophage is a(n) ____________ virus.
- A. helical
- B. icosahedral
- C. enveloped
- D. complex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: complex. Bacteriophages are considered complex viruses because they have a complex structure consisting of a polyhedral head, a helical tail, and tail fibers. The head contains the viral genetic material, while the tail facilitates attachment to the host bacterial cell. This complexity distinguishes bacteriophages from simpler viruses like helical and icosahedral viruses. Helical viruses have a rod-like shape, while icosahedral viruses have a symmetrical, 20-sided structure. Enveloped viruses have a lipid bilayer envelope surrounding their capsid, which bacteriophages lack. Therefore, the unique and intricate structure of bacteriophages classifies them as complex viruses.
What is a common characteristic of spore-forming bacteria?
- A. Resistance to heat and dehydration
- B. Ability to produce toxins
- C. Presence of flagella
- D. Ability to photosynthesize
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Resistance to heat and dehydration. Spore-forming bacteria form spores as a survival mechanism in harsh conditions. These spores are highly resistant to heat and dehydration, allowing the bacteria to withstand extreme environments. This characteristic is essential for their long-term survival and ability to persist in unfavorable conditions. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because not all spore-forming bacteria produce toxins, have flagella, or are capable of photosynthesis. These characteristics are not exclusive to spore-forming bacteria and do not define them as a group.
The classic causative agent of croupous pneumonia is:
- A. Chlamydia pneumoniae
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Mycoplasmas pneumoniae
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacterium is the classic causative agent of croupous pneumonia due to its ability to infect the lungs and cause inflammation. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common pathogen known for causing pneumonia in both adults and children. It is characterized by the presence of a capsule that helps it evade the host immune system.
Choice A, Chlamydia pneumoniae, is not the correct answer as it is more commonly associated with atypical pneumonia. Choice C, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is also associated with atypical pneumonia and not croupous pneumonia. Choice D, Staphylococcus aureus, can cause pneumonia, but it is not the classic causative agent of croupous pneumonia.
Which bacteria is known for causing tuberculosis?
- A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- B. Mycobacterium leprae
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium is known for causing tuberculosis, as it specifically infects the lungs and can lead to serious respiratory issues. Mycobacterium leprae (Choice B) causes leprosy, not tuberculosis. Escherichia coli (Choice C) is a common bacteria found in the intestines and is not associated with tuberculosis. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Choice D) causes pneumonia, but not tuberculosis. Therefore, the correct choice is A because Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the specific bacterium responsible for causing tuberculosis.
A patient with abdominal pain and diarrhea had a stool culture revealing non-lactose-fermenting, Gram-negative rods. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Shigella dysenteriae
- B. Salmonella typhi
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Proteus vulgaris
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Shigella dysenteriae. Shigella causes dysentery, characterized by bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Shigella is a non-lactose-fermenting, Gram-negative rod.
B: Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever, not typically associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea.
C: Escherichia coli, a common gut bacteria, can cause diarrhea but typically ferments lactose.
D: Proteus vulgaris is not a common cause of gastrointestinal infection and is not typically associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea.