Nokea
Which of the following class of agonists can precipitate hyperglycemia in diabetics?
- A. a 1-agonists
- B. α2-agonists
- C. β1-agonists
- D. β2-agonists
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Beta-2 agonists (e.g., salbutamol) increase glycogenolysis, raising blood glucose.
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A nurse is instructing a pregnant patient concerning the potential risk to her fetus from a Pregnancy Category B drug. What would the nurse inform the patient?
- A. Adequate studies in pregnant women have demonstrated there is no risk to the fetus.
- B. Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there have been no adequate studies in pregnant women.
- C. Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
- D. There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from use of the drug may be acceptable despite potential risks.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Category B indicates that animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus. However, there have not been adequate studies in pregnant women to demonstrate risk to a fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy and no evidence of risk in later trimesters. Category A indicates that adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester or in later trimesters. Category C indicates that animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but no adequate studies in humans. Category D reveals evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drugs in pregnant women may outweigh potential risks.
The MMR vaccine is not recommended for pregnant women because:
- A. Pregnant women do not build adequate immunity to the vaccine
- B. There is a risk of the pregnant women developing measles encephalopathy
- C. There is a risk of the fetus developing congenital rubella syndrome
- D. Pregnant women can receive the MMR vaccine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: MMR (live vaccine) risks fetal congenital rubella syndrome ; pregnancy contraindicates it, not immunity or encephalopathy .
Alcohol should not be given with
- A. Sulphonamides
- B. Clonidine
- C. Reserpine
- D. Metronidazole
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Metronidazole with alcohol causes a disulfiram-like reaction (flushing, nausea).
Which of the following create a higher risk for digoxin toxicity? Both the cause and the reason for it must be correct.
- A. Older adults because of reduced renal function
- B. Administration of aldosterone antagonist diuretics because of decreased potassium levels
- C. Taking an antacid for gastroesophageal reflux disease because it increases the absorption of digoxin
- D. Doses between 0.25 and 0.5 mg/day
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Older adults have reduced renal clearance, increasing digoxin toxicity risk.
Anticholinergic agents, such as benztropine (Cogentin), may be given with a phenothiazine to:
- A. Reduce the chance of tardive dyskinesia
- B. Potentiate the effects of the drug
- C. Reduce the tolerance that tends to occur
- D. Increase central nervous system 4 (iNS) rdey
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Benztropine reduces EPS, which can precede tardive dyskinesia in phenothiazine use.