Nokea
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of abnormal cervical cells that are classified as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) on cytology?
- A. Cervical cancer
- B. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
- C. Cervical polyps
- D. Cervicitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a precancerous condition of the cervix characterized by the presence of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. These abnormal cells are often classified as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) on cytology. CIN is not yet cervical cancer but can progress to invasive cancer if left untreated. LSIL is indicative of mild dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN 1), which is considered a precancerous lesion. Therefore, the presence of abnormal cervical cells classified as LSIL is more likely to be associated with CIN rather than cervical cancer, cervicitis, or cervical polyps.
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A 70- year-old has been rushed to the hospital due to bradycardia and palpitation. The physician suggested that a pacemaker be inserted to correct the symptoms. The patient voluntarily decides not to have the pacemaker Inserted. This is respected by the family. This is an example of what ethical principles
- A. Beneficence
- B. Justice
- C. Autonomy
- D. Justice
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Autonomy is the ethical principle that upholds an individual's right to make decisions about their own medical treatment, free from coercion or undue influence. In this scenario, the 70-year-old patient has voluntarily decided not to have the pacemaker inserted despite the physician's recommendation. The fact that the decision is respected by the family further highlights the importance of autonomy in this situation. Respecting the patient's right to make choices regarding their own healthcare, even if it goes against medical advice, demonstrates a commitment to autonomy as an ethical principle.
The mother asks why she has a gush of blood coming out from the vagina that occurs when she first arises from bed. The nurse's CORRECT response should be
- A. "Blood pools at the top of the vagina and forms clots that are passed upon rising or sitting on the toilet."
- B. "Positioning causes blood to flow out when she stands.
- C. "Because of the normal pooling of blood in the vagina when the woman lies down to rest or sleep."
- D. "Normal physiologic occurrence that results as the body attempts to eliminate excess fluids."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct response is "Because of the normal pooling of blood in the vagina when the woman lies down to rest or sleep." This phenomenon occurs due to gravity when a woman lies down, and the blood tends to pool at the top of the vagina. When she first arises from bed, the pooled blood is released, resulting in a gush of blood. This is a normal physiological process and not typically a cause for concern.
A patient is prescribed a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Which adverse effect should the nurse monitor closely in the patient?
- A. Hypoglycemia
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Clostridium difficile infection
- D. Osteoporosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Patients prescribed proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for the treatment of GERD should be closely monitored for the development of osteoporosis. PPIs have been associated with an increased risk of developing osteoporotic fractures, particularly in long-term users. This risk is thought to be due to decreased calcium absorption as stomach acidity is reduced by PPIs, leading to potential alterations in bone metabolism and density. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to assess bone health, educate patients on calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and consider other risk factors for osteoporosis in individuals taking PPIs long-term. While hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, and Clostridium difficile infection may be seen as adverse effects with other medications or conditions, osteoporosis is the adverse effect most closely monitored in patients taking PPIs for GERD.
Past medical history section of Krini contains. the following, but NOT______
- A. Prenatal history
- B. Current history
- C. Child hood illness
- D. Birth history
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The past medical history section typically includes information about a person's medical background before the current point in time. This would involve details such as prenatal history, birth history, childhood illnesses, surgeries, and medical conditions that have occurred in the past. "Current history" would be more appropriate for the present medical status and ongoing health issues, hence it does not belong in the past medical history section.
A patient with advanced dementia is bedbound and at risk of developing pressure ulcers. What intervention should the palliative nurse prioritize to prevent pressure ulcer formation?
- A. Turn the patient every 2 hours to relieve pressure on bony prominences.
- B. Apply barrier creams or moisture barriers to protect vulnerable skin areas.
- C. Use pressure-relieving support surfaces, such as specialized mattresses or cushions.
- D. Administer prophylactic antibiotics to prevent infection in at-risk skin areas.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The most effective intervention to prevent pressure ulcers in bedbound patients at risk, such as those with advanced dementia, is to use pressure-relieving support surfaces like specialized mattresses or cushions. These surfaces help distribute the pressure evenly, reducing the risk of pressure ulcer formation on bony prominences. Turning the patient every 2 hours (choice A) can also help relieve pressure, but it may not be sufficient to prevent pressure ulcers in high-risk individuals. Applying barrier creams or moisture barriers (choice B) can help protect the skin but may not address the underlying issue of pressure on vulnerable areas. Administering prophylactic antibiotics (choice D) is not recommended for preventing pressure ulcers as it does not address the root cause of the problem and can lead to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the priority intervention should be to use pressure-relieving support surfaces to minimize the risk of pressure ulcers in