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Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types and is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer?
- A. Condyloma acuminatum
- B. Lichen sclerosus
- C. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
- D. Trichomoniasis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a premalignant condition of the cervix that is characterized by the presence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. HPV infection is a major risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. CIN is typically detected on routine cervical screening tests such as Pap smears or HPV testing. If left untreated, CIN can progress to invasive cervical cancer. Therefore, the presence of high-risk HPV types in CIN lesions indicates an increased risk of developing cervical cancer.
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Which additional finding confirms the diagnosis that the patient has mastitis?
- A. Enlarged glands in the axilla
- B. Normal temperature
- C. Engorged both breasts
- D. Hard mass and reddened area
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A hard mass and a reddened area on one breast are key clinical signs that confirm the diagnosis of mastitis. Mastitis is an infection of the breast tissue that often presents with localized redness, warmth, and swelling of the breast. The presence of a hard mass along with the other symptoms suggests inflammation and infection within the breast tissue. In contrast, the other findings such as enlarged glands in the axilla, normal temperature, and engorged breasts are not specific findings for mastitis and may be present in other conditions. Therefore, the presence of a hard mass and reddened area on one breast is the additional finding that strongly confirms the diagnosis of mastitis in this case.
A postpartum client with a history of gestational diabetes expresses concern about managing blood sugar levels while breastfeeding. What nursing intervention should be prioritized to address the client's concerns?
- A. Educating the client about the importance of balanced nutrition and frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels
- B. Recommending insulin supplementation to maintain target blood sugar levels
- C. Encouraging the client to avoid breastfeeding to prevent fluctuations in blood sugar levels
- D. Referring the client to a dietitian for a specialized postpartum meal plan
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Educating the client about the importance of balanced nutrition and frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels should be prioritized to address the client's concerns about managing blood sugar levels while breastfeeding. This intervention helps empower the client to make informed choices about her diet and monitor her blood sugar levels effectively. By focusing on balanced nutrition and regular blood glucose monitoring, the client can better manage her blood sugar levels during the postpartum period and while breastfeeding, reducing the risk of complications associated with gestational diabetes. It also promotes overall health and well-being for both the mother and the baby.
A nurse is preparing to administer medications to a patient and discovers a discrepancy between the medication order and the patient's medication record. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Administer the medication as ordered to avoid delays
- B. Document the discrepancy and inform the charge nurse
- C. Verify the medication order with the prescriber immediately
- D. Contact the pharmacy for clarification on the medication
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When a nurse discovers a discrepancy between the medication order and the patient's medication record, the priority action is to verify the medication order with the prescriber to ensure accuracy and patient safety. Administering the medication without clarification can put the patient at risk. Documenting the discrepancy and informing the charge nurse is important, but it should not delay verifying the order with the prescriber. Contacting the pharmacy for clarification may be necessary in some cases, but the immediate action should be to confirm the prescription with the prescriber to prevent errors and ensure the patient receives the correct medication.
A 55-year-old postmenopausal woman presents with vaginal bleeding. On pelvic examination, the cervix appears healthy, and there is no cervical motion tenderness. Which of the following conditions is most likely to be responsible for these findings?
- A. Cervical cancer
- B. Endometrial cancer
- C. Vaginal cancer
- D. Cervical polyp
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In a 55-year-old postmenopausal woman presenting with vaginal bleeding and a healthy cervix on examination, the most likely cause would be a cervical polyp. Cervical polyps are benign growths that can occur on the cervix and are often asymptomatic but can occasionally cause postmenopausal bleeding. Their appearance on examination would typically be a non-malignant finding with no cervical motion tenderness. Cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and vaginal cancer would typically present with different examination findings and risk factors.
What kind of sampling method should she apply?
- A. Network
- B. Stratified
- C. Random
- D. Purposive
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In a stratified sampling method, the population is divided into subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics that are relevant to the research objective. This allows for representation from each subgroup in the sample, ensuring that different segments of the population are taken into account.