Nokea
Which of the following contains a human's hereditary information?
- A. Plasmids
- B. Histones
- C. Chromatin
- D. ATP
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chromatin. Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. It serves to package the DNA into a condensed structure, which aids in its regulation and gene expression. Plasmids are small DNA molecules typically found in bacteria, histones are proteins that assist in organizing DNA into nucleosomes, and ATP is a molecule involved in cellular energy transfer. None of these choices contain the specific hereditary information unique to humans, which is encapsulated within chromatin.
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If a mother's ______ cell contains mutated DNA, this mutation can be passed to her offspring.
- A. germ
- B. white blood
- C. stem
- D. somatic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'germ.' Germ cells, which include egg and sperm cells, are responsible for passing genetic information to offspring. Mutations in these cells can be inherited by the next generation. In contrast, mutations in somatic cells (D), like skin or muscle cells, are not passed on to offspring as they are not involved in reproduction. White blood cells (B) and stem cells (C) are not directly involved in transmitting genetic mutations to offspring.
Which of the following organs removes nitrogenous waste from the body?
- A. Gallbladder
- B. Liver
- C. Kidneys
- D. Large intestines
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Kidneys. The kidneys are essential organs responsible for filtering waste products, including nitrogenous wastes like urea and creatinine, from the blood to form urine. The other organs listed have different primary functions. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver, which aids in digestion. The liver has various metabolic functions but is not primarily involved in removing nitrogenous waste. The large intestines mainly absorb water and electrolytes from feces, not nitrogenous waste. Therefore, the kidneys are the specific organs designed to remove nitrogenous waste from the body.
A patient goes to the doctor with a cold and sore throat and asks for antibiotics. The doctor refuses to prescribe antibiotics to the patient because the illness is caused by which of the following pathogens?
- A. Protist
- B. Fungus
- C. Virus
- D. Bacteria
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Virus. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections, such as colds and sore throats caused by viruses. Antibiotics are designed to target bacterial infections, not viral ones. Therefore, the doctor refuses to prescribe antibiotics because the patient's illness is viral in nature. It is important for healthcare providers to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections to ensure appropriate treatment and avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics.
Which type of chemical reaction is exemplified by the following equation? 2HCl (aq) + Mg(OH)₂ (s) → 2H₂O (l) + MgCl₂ (aq)
- A. Neutralization
- B. Decomposition
- C. Combustion
- D. Synthesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The given chemical equation represents a neutralization reaction. In this reaction, an acid (hydrochloric acid) reacts with a base (magnesium hydroxide) to form water and a salt (magnesium chloride). Neutralization reactions typically involve the combination of an acid and a base to produce a salt and water. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the reaction type demonstrated in the equation provided.
Where are the tibia and fibula located in the body?
- A. Coxal
- B. Antecubital
- C. Crural
- D. Tarsal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The tibia and fibula are located in the crural region of the body. The crural region, also known as the lower leg, is situated between the knee and the ankle. The tibia and fibula are the two bones found in this region and play a crucial role in the skeletal structure of the lower limb. The coxal region refers to the hip, the antecubital region is located at the front of the elbow, and the tarsal region pertains to the ankle area. Therefore, the correct answer is C, crural, as it specifically refers to the location of the tibia and fibula in the lower leg.