Nokea
Which of the following converts starch to disaccharides, and this reaction occurs in the _____?
- A. pancreatic amylases, small intestine
- B. brush border enzymes, small intestine
- C. luminal enzymes, large intestine
- D. pancreatic amylases, pancreas
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Pancreatic amylases break down starch into disaccharides in the small intestine. This process occurs in the small intestine, not the large intestine or pancreas. Brush border enzymes act on disaccharides to break them down into monosaccharides, while luminal enzymes are not specifically involved in the conversion of starch to disaccharides.
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Match the energy-yielding nutrient to the amount of energy it provides to the body: Carbs, Fats, Proteins.
- A. Carbs - 4kcal/g
- B. Fats - 9kcal/g
- C. Proteins - 4kcal/g
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of the above. Carbohydrates and proteins provide 4 kcal per gram, while fats provide 9 kcal per gram. Therefore, all three energy-yielding nutrients provide different amounts of energy to the body. Choice A, B, and C are incorrect because each of them individually provides a specific amount of energy per gram, but when considering all nutrients together, they collectively cover the spectrum of energy provision to the body.
A woman who has been following a vegan diet may need ____ supplements.
- A. vitamin C and vitamin A
- B. vitamin D and vitamin B12
- C. vitamin E and K
- D. vitamin D and niacin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: vitamin D and vitamin B12. Vegans may need to supplement vitamin D and B12 as these nutrients are mainly found in animal products. While choices A, C, and D are essential vitamins, they are not typically lacking in a vegan diet. Vitamin C can be obtained from various plant sources, vitamin A can be derived from beta-carotene in plants, and vitamin E and K are also found in plant-based foods. Niacin, although important, can be sourced from plant-based sources and is not a common deficiency in vegan diets.
How do foods or supplements containing significant amounts of plant sterols help lower LDL cholesterol levels?
- A. reducing cholesterol synthesis
- B. suppressing inflammation
- C. reducing blood clotting
- D. interfering with cholesterol and bile absorption
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Plant sterols interfere with cholesterol and bile absorption in the intestines. This interference helps lower LDL cholesterol levels by reducing the amount of cholesterol that enters the bloodstream. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because plant sterols primarily work by interfering with cholesterol and bile absorption, not by reducing cholesterol synthesis, suppressing inflammation, or reducing blood clotting.
During the later stages of chronic kidney disease, what is the recommended protein intake in grams per kilogram of body weight per day?
- A. 0.6 to 0.75
- B. 1.2 to 1.55
- C. 1.0 to 1.2
- D. 0.8 to 1.0
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In the later stages of chronic kidney disease, the recommended protein intake is typically restricted to 0.6 to 0.75 grams per kilogram of body weight per day. This lower protein intake helps reduce the workload on the kidneys, as excessive protein can be challenging for the kidneys to process. Choice B (1.2 to 1.55) is incorrect as it suggests a higher protein intake, which is not recommended for individuals with advanced kidney disease. Choices C (1.0 to 1.2) and D (0.8 to 1.0) also advocate for protein intakes higher than what is typically advised for individuals in later stages of chronic kidney disease.
Dietary fiber has been recommended for its possible benefits in reducing heart disease by lowering blood cholesterol. How is fiber thought to play its role in lowering blood cholesterol?
- A. Insoluble fiber binds with cholesterol in the large intestine and is excreted in feces
- B. Viscous fiber binds with bile in the intestine and is excreted in feces
- C. Soluble fiber binds with cholesterol in the blood and is excreted by the liver
- D. Insoluble fiber converts to bile in the large intestine and binds with cholesterol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Viscous (soluble) fiber binds with bile acids in the intestine, which are then excreted. The liver must use cholesterol to make more bile acids, thereby lowering blood cholesterol levels. Choice A is incorrect as insoluble fiber does not bind with cholesterol in the large intestine. Choice C is incorrect as soluble fiber does not directly bind with cholesterol in the blood. Choice D is incorrect as insoluble fiber does not convert to bile in the large intestine to bind with cholesterol.