Nokea
Which of the following dental conditions is characterized by inflammation and destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone?
- A. Dental caries
- B. Gingivitis
- C. Periodontitis
- D. Dental abscess
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Periodontitis is the dental condition characterized by inflammation and destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gingiva (gums), periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It is usually caused by untreated gingivitis, where plaque buildup along the gumline leads to bacterial infection and inflammation, resulting in destruction of the tissues that support the teeth. If left untreated, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and other complications. Gingivitis, on the other hand, is inflammation of the gums without involvement of the supporting structures, while dental caries refer to tooth decay or cavities in the enamel. Dental abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by a bacterial infection.
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To start a nursing improvement project, what is the FIRST step that a nurse must keep in mind?
- A. Implement plan to correct the problem
- B. Determine the nursing standards
- C. Determine findings if warrant correction
- D. Collect data determine if standards are met
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The first step that a nurse must keep in mind to start a nursing improvement project is to determine the nursing standards. This is crucial because nursing standards provide guidelines and benchmarks for quality care delivery. By identifying and understanding the established standards, nurses can assess current practices, identify areas that need improvement, and develop strategies to enhance patient care. Setting a clear foundation based on nursing standards is essential before moving forward with implementing corrective actions, determining findings for correction, or collecting data. Understanding and aligning with nursing standards from the outset ensures that the improvement project is focused on promoting best practices and achieving positive outcomes for patients.
A pregnant woman presents with fever, chills, and abdominal pain localized to the right lower quadrant. On examination, she has rebound tenderness and guarding. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Ectopic pregnancy
- B. Pelvic inflammatory disease
- C. Acute appendicitis
- D. Ovarian torsion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acute appendicitis is the most likely cause of the symptoms described in the pregnant woman. The classic presentation of acute appendicitis includes fever, chills, abdominal pain localized to the right lower quadrant, rebound tenderness, and guarding. Pregnant women are at a slightly higher risk of developing appendicitis due to anatomic changes and increased abdominal pressure during pregnancy, which can lead to an atypical presentation of symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention are crucial to prevent complications such as perforation, which can be detrimental for both the mother and the fetus.
A patient presents with chest pain at rest, unrelated to exertion, and not relieved by nitroglycerin. An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows ST-segment depression. Which cardiovascular disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- A. Stable angina
- B. Unstable angina
- C. Acute myocardial infarction
- D. Prinzmetal's angina
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Unstable angina is characterized by chest pain at rest, which is not relieved by nitroglycerin. The ECG findings in unstable angina typically show ST-segment depression or T-wave inversion. It is considered a medical emergency as it can progress to a myocardial infarction. Stable angina, on the other hand, is chest pain or discomfort that occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest or medications like nitroglycerin. Acute myocardial infarction would typically present with ST-segment elevation on ECG, while Prinzmetal's angina is characterized by transient ST-segment elevation due to coronary artery vasospasm.
A woman in active labor is diagnosed with an obstetric emergency requiring immediate delivery. What is the priority nursing action?
- A. Notifying the healthcare provider
- B. Preparing the delivery room for immediate birth
- C. Administering intravenous fluids rapidly
- D. Facilitating continuous fetal monitoring
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In the situation of an obstetric emergency requiring immediate delivery, the priority nursing action is to prepare the delivery room for the birth. This involves ensuring that all necessary supplies and equipment are readily available, the bed is adjusted to the appropriate position, and the healthcare team is prepared to assist with the birth. By expeditiously preparing the delivery room, the healthcare team can facilitate a safe and timely delivery for both the mother and the baby. Notifications to the healthcare provider, administering intravenous fluids, and continuous fetal monitoring can be done simultaneously but preparing the delivery room takes precedence to ensure a prompt response to the emergent situation.
The nurse has failed to obtain informed consent before performing a procedure on a patient. Which type of torts result from this nursing action?
- A. Negligence
- B. Malpractice
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Malpractice is a type of tort that involves professional negligence or misconduct by a professional such as a nurse that results in harm to a patient. In this scenario, failing to obtain informed consent before performing a procedure is considered a breach of the standard of care expected from a healthcare professional, which falls under malpractice. This failure to obtain informed consent deprives the patient of the right to make an informed decision about their treatment and can lead to legal consequences for the nurse.