Nokea
Which of the following does not occur during puberty in a female?
- A. Increased fat deposits beneath the skin
- B. Onset of menopause
- C. Widening and lightening of the pelvis
- D. Development of the breasts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Onset of menopause. Puberty is the period of sexual maturation and development, typically occurring in adolescence. Menopause, on the other hand, is the cessation of menstruation and fertility, usually happening in women in their late 40s or early 50s. During puberty in females, there is an increase in fat deposits beneath the skin, widening and lightening of the pelvis to prepare for childbirth, and development of the breasts as part of secondary sexual characteristics. Menopause does not occur during puberty; it is a separate phase in a woman's reproductive life cycle. Therefore, B is the correct answer.
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Which statement regarding the uterus is true:
- A. it is pear-shaped;
- B. the superior extremity is represented by the corpus;
- C. the vagina is inserted on the inferior extremity;
- D. it is located laterally in the pelvis;
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: it is pear-shaped. The uterus is indeed pear-shaped in structure, with a wider upper part called the corpus and a narrower lower part called the cervix. The pear shape allows for the expansion required during pregnancy. The other choices are incorrect: B is inaccurate as the superior extremity is the fundus, not the corpus; C is incorrect as the vagina is connected to the cervix, not the inferior extremity; D is wrong as the uterus is located centrally in the pelvis.
Arterial supply of breast include
- A. Internal thoracic artery
- B. Thoracoaromial artery
- C. Superior epigastric artery
- D. Common carotid artery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Internal thoracic artery. The internal thoracic artery is a major branch of the subclavian artery and supplies the breast tissue. It gives rise to the perforating branches that supply the breast. The other choices, B, C, and D, are incorrect because the thoracoaromial artery primarily supplies the upper limb, the superior epigastric artery supplies the anterior abdominal wall, and the common carotid artery supplies the head and neck, but not the breast tissue. Therefore, based on the anatomical knowledge of arterial supply, the internal thoracic artery is the correct choice for the arterial supply of the breast.
With respect to the effects of testosterone in the male which statement is incorrect?
- A. testosterone inhibits the secretion of luteinising hormone
- B. testosterone stimulates the secretion of inhibin from leydig cells
- C. testosterone induces and maintains male sexual functions
- D. testosterone stimulates protein anabolism and bone growth.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because inhibin is primarily secreted by Sertoli cells in the testes, not Leydig cells. Testosterone actually stimulates the secretion of inhibin from Sertoli cells. In contrast, Leydig cells produce testosterone in response to luteinising hormone (Choice A). Testosterone does play a key role in inducing and maintaining male sexual functions (Choice C) and also stimulates protein anabolism and bone growth (Choice D). Thus, Choice B is incorrect as Leydig cells do not secrete inhibin.
The semen contains liquids originating from:
- A. prostate;
- B. scrotum;
- C. seminal vesicles;
- D. epididymal duct;
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The prostate gland secretes a milky fluid that constitutes a major portion of semen.
2. This prostatic fluid contains enzymes, citric acid, and zinc, which nourish and protect sperm.
3. Seminal vesicles also contribute to semen production, but mainly by providing fructose for sperm energy.
4. The scrotum houses the testes but does not directly contribute fluids to semen.
5. The epididymal duct is a site for sperm maturation and storage but does not produce semen fluids.
Summary:
Choice A is correct because the prostate gland secretes a significant portion of semen. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly contribute fluids to semen production.
What area experiences the greatest changes in a menstrual cycle?
- A. vagina
- B. perimetrium
- C. cervix
- D. endometrium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: endometrium. The endometrium undergoes the most significant changes during the menstrual cycle. It thickens and sheds in response to hormonal changes for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. The vagina (A), perimetrium (B), and cervix (C) do not experience the same level of cyclic changes as the endometrium. The vagina is primarily a passageway, the perimetrium is the outer layer of the uterus, and the cervix mainly functions as an opening to the uterus. Therefore, the endometrium is the area that experiences the greatest changes in a menstrual cycle due to its role in preparing for possible pregnancy and shedding if implantation does not occur.