Nokea
Which of the following does the adrenal cortex produce?
- A. Adrenaline
- B. Aldosterone
- C. Cortisol
- D. Noradrenaline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The adrenal cortex is the outer region of the adrenal glands and is responsible for producing several hormones, including aldosterone. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating electrolyte balance, particularly sodium and potassium, in the body. It helps maintain blood pressure and fluid balance by acting on the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water while excreting potassium in the urine. Adrenaline and noradrenaline (also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine) are produced by the adrenal medulla, which is the inner region of the adrenal glands. Cortisol is another hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, but aldosterone specifically regulates electrolyte balance.
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Commonest cause of 'ambiguous genitalia' in newborn is:
- A. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- B. True hermaphroditism
- C. Testicular ferminisation syndrome
- D. Pseudo-hermaphroditism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common cause of ambiguous genitalia in newborns. This condition is due to a deficiency of enzymes in the adrenal gland that are necessary for the production of cortisol. As a result, the body produces excess androgens (masculinizing hormones), leading to abnormal genital development in females. The external genitalia may appear ambiguous, with features of both male and female genitalia. This condition can be detected through newborn screening and confirmed through further hormonal and genetic testing. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy to normalize hormone levels and surgery may be required to reconstruct the genitalia.
Which of the following is not a symptom of Cushing's syndrome?
- A. Easy bruising
- B. Weight gain
- C. Acne
- D. Weight loss
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Weight gain is a common symptom of Cushing's syndrome due to the excessive production of cortisol, a hormone that regulates metabolism and fat storage. The other symptoms listed, such as easy bruising, acne, and stretch marks, are also characteristic features of Cushing's syndrome. However, weight loss is typically not associated with this condition. In fact, individuals with Cushing's syndrome often experience unexplained and rapid weight gain, especially in the face, abdomen, and upper back (resulting in a characteristic "buffalo hump" appearance), rather than weight loss.
All of the following are potential signs or symptoms of growth hormone deficiency except:
- A. Abnormal lipid profile
- B. Atherosclerosis
- C. Increased bone mineral density
- D. Left ventricular dysfunction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is commonly associated with decreased bone mineral density, leading to an increased risk of fractures and osteoporosis. Therefore, increased bone mineral density would not typically be a sign or symptom of GHD. On the other hand, abnormal lipid profile, atherosclerosis, and left ventricular dysfunction are all potential signs or symptoms of GHD. Abnormal lipid profile can manifest as increased levels of LDL cholesterol and decreased levels of HDL cholesterol. Atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries, can occur in individuals with GHD due to the impact on lipid metabolism. Left ventricular dysfunction may also be seen in individuals with GHD due to the role of growth hormone in cardiac function and structure.
All of the following are featured by dermal hyperpigmentation except:
- A. Conn's syndrome
- B. Bronchogenic carcinoma
- C. Addison's disease
- D. Haemochromatosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dermal hyperpigmentation, also known as hyperpigmentation of the skin, is commonly associated with conditions such as Addison's disease, hemochromatosis, and bronchogenic carcinoma. In Addison's disease, there is increased production of melanin due to elevated levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which stimulates melanocytes. Hemochromatosis can cause hyperpigmentation due to excess iron deposits in the skin. Bronchogenic carcinoma can lead to a condition known as acanthosis nigricans, characterized by dark, velvety discoloration of the skin primarily around the neck and armpits. However, Conn's syndrome, which is a primary aldosteronism resulting from an adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia, is not typically associated with dermal hyperpigmentation.
All of the following develop into dwarfism except:
- A. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- B. Hypopituitarism
- C. Homocystinuria
- D. Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia does not lead to dwarfism. It is a group of genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands and can cause various symptoms related to hormone imbalances. In contrast, the other conditions listed - hypopituitarism, homocystinuria, and pseudohypoparathyroidism - can all lead to dwarfism through different mechanisms. Hypopituitarism is characterized by a deficiency of pituitary hormones, including growth hormone, which can result in stunted growth and dwarfism. Homocystinuria is a metabolic disorder that can affect bone growth and lead to skeletal abnormalities resulting in dwarfism. Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a rare genetic disorder that can manifest with short stature or dwarfism due to skeletal abnormalities caused by altered bone metabolism.