Nokea
Which of the following drugs used in the treatment of gout acts by preventing the migration of granulocytes:
- A. Allopurinol
- B. Sulfinpyrazone
- C. Colchicine
- D. Indomethacin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Colchicine. Colchicine is used in the treatment of gout by preventing the migration of granulocytes to the inflamed area, thereby reducing inflammation and pain. Allopurinol (A) works by reducing uric acid production, Sulfinpyrazone (B) and Indomethacin (D) work by inhibiting uric acid reabsorption and reducing inflammation through prostaglandin inhibition, respectively. These mechanisms do not involve preventing the migration of granulocytes.
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All of the following statements concerning angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are true EXCEPT:
- A. They act by inhibiting the ability of renin to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
- B. Enalapril is a prodrug that is converted to an active metabolite
- C. They reduce secretion of aldosterone
- D. They can produce hyperkalemia in combination with a potassium-sparing diuretic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
A: ACE inhibitors directly inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, not angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
B: Enalapril is indeed a prodrug that is converted to an active metabolite.
C: ACE inhibitors do reduce the secretion of aldosterone.
D: ACE inhibitors can lead to hyperkalemia when combined with a potassium-sparing diuretic due to decreased aldosterone levels.
While completing the history portion of an admission assessment of a client with schizophrenia, the nurse notices that the client is continually moving in the chair and frequently stands, then sits back down. The nurse knows that this client most likely is experiencing the side effect of:
- A. Drug-induced parkinsonism
- B. Dystonia
- C. Akathisia
- D. Akinesia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Akathisia. Akathisia is characterized by restlessness, inability to sit still, and a constant need to move. In this scenario, the client's continual movement and inability to sit still indicate symptoms of akathisia. This side effect is commonly seen with antipsychotic medications.
Explanation:
1. Drug-induced parkinsonism (Choice A) presents with symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, stiffness, and shuffling gait. The client's symptoms do not align with these characteristics.
2. Dystonia (Choice B) is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions causing abnormal movements or postures. The client's symptoms do not match the sudden, sustained muscle contractions seen in dystonia.
3. Akinesia (Choice D) refers to a lack of movement or difficulty initiating movement, which is not consistent with the client's behavior of constant movement and inability to sit still.
Which of the following statements refers to calcium:
- A. Recommended Ca daily allowance for males: 1. 1-10 years: 800 mg 2. 11-18 years: 1200 mg 3. 19-50 years: 1000 mg 4. > 51 years: 1000 mg
- B. Ca chloride is very irritating and can cause necrosis if extravasated
- C. In achlorhydric patients calcium carbonate should be given with meals to increase absorption or patient switched to calcium citrate, which is somewhat better absorbed
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the statements are true about calcium.
A: The recommended daily allowances for calcium intake vary with age groups.
B: Calcium chloride can indeed be irritating and cause necrosis if it leaks out of the vein during intravenous administration.
C: Patients with achlorhydria (lack of stomach acid) may have decreased calcium absorption, so calcium carbonate is recommended to be taken with meals or switching to calcium citrate for better absorption.
Therefore, choice D encompasses all the correct statements about calcium, making it the correct answer.
A patient demonstrates disoriented thinking and irrational ideas. A nurse can anticipate that a PET scan would most likely show dysfunction in the brain’s:
- A. frontal lobe.
- B. parietal lobe.
- C. occipital lobe.
- D. temporal lobe.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: frontal lobe. Disoriented thinking and irrational ideas are associated with dysfunction in the frontal lobe, responsible for decision-making, problem-solving, and emotional regulation. A PET scan would likely show decreased activity in this region. The parietal lobe (B) is primarily involved in sensory processing, the occipital lobe (C) in visual processing, and the temporal lobe (D) in memory and language functions, not directly linked to disoriented thinking.
Which of the following drugs given chronically would be most likely to contribute to a decreased risk of further stroke in the patient?
- A. Isosorbide mononitrate
- B. Furosemide
- C. Lovastatin
- D. Esmolol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lovastatin. Lovastatin is a statin drug that helps lower cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and subsequent stroke. It has been shown to decrease the risk of future stroke events. Isosorbide mononitrate (A) is a vasodilator used for angina, not stroke prevention. Furosemide (B) is a diuretic used for heart failure and hypertension, not for stroke prevention. Esmolol (D) is a beta-blocker used for heart rate control, not for stroke prevention.